溫馨提示×

溫馨提示×

您好,登錄后才能下訂單哦!

密碼登錄×
登錄注冊×
其他方式登錄
點(diǎn)擊 登錄注冊 即表示同意《億速云用戶服務(wù)條款》

Oracle 聚合函數(shù)詳解

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2020-08-19 08:24:25 來源:ITPUB博客 閱讀:246 作者:2008081036 欄目:關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫

Oracle 聚合函數(shù)詳解

 

聚合函數(shù)的定義

 

聚合函數(shù)也叫組函數(shù),有的地方也叫集合函數(shù),它的數(shù)據(jù)源一般來自多組數(shù)據(jù),但返回的時(shí)候一般是一組數(shù)據(jù),聚合函數(shù)對一組行中的某個列執(zhí)行計(jì)算并返回單一的值。聚合函數(shù)經(jīng)常與 SELECT 語句的 GROUP BY 子句一同使用,所以有的時(shí)候也把其稱之為分組函數(shù)。有一點(diǎn)需要注意的是,除了countgrouping之后,其它的統(tǒng)計(jì)運(yùn)算均會忽略值為null的列。

 

聚合函數(shù)的分類

 

1:   AVG(DISTINCT|ALL)

ALL表示對所有的值求平均值,DISTINCT只對不同的值求平均值

 

SQL> select avg(sal) from scott.emp;

  AVG(SAL)

----------

2073.21429

 

SQL> select avg(distinct sal) from scott.emp;

AVG(DISTINCTSAL)

----------------

      2064.58333

 

SQL> select avg(all sal) from scott.emp;

AVG(ALLSAL)

-----------

 2073.21429

注意事項(xiàng):

SQL> select avg(comm) from emp;

 AVG(COMM)

----------

       550              -------------550=sum(comm)/4其中4comm不為null的員工數(shù)

 

SQL> select sum(comm)/14 from emp;

SUM(COMM)/14

------------

  157.142857

 

SQL> select avg(nvl(comm,0)) from emp;

AVG(NVL(COMM,0))

----------------

      157.142857

 

2:   MAX(DISTINCT|ALL)

求最大值,ALL表示對所有的值求最大值,DISTINCT表示對不同的值求最大值,相同的只取一次

SQL> select max(sal) from emp;

  MAX(SAL)

----------

      5000

 

SQL> select max(all sal) from emp;

MAX(ALLSAL)

-----------

       5000

 

SQL> select max(distinct sal) from emp;

MAX(DISTINCTSAL)

----------------

            5000

 

SQL> select max(hiredate) from emp;

MAX(HIRED

---------

23-MAY-87

 

3:   MIN(DISTINCT|ALL)

求最小值,ALL表示對所有的值求最小值,DISTINCT表示對不同的值求最小值,相同的只取一次

SQL> select min(sal) from emp;

  MIN(SAL)

----------

       800

 

SQL> select min(all sal) from emp;

MIN(ALLSAL)

-----------

        800

 

SQL> select min(distinct sal) from emp;

MIN(DISTINCTSAL)

----------------

             800

 

SQL> select min(hiredate),min(to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh34:mi:ss')) from emp;

MIN(HIRED MIN(TO_CHAR(SYSDATE

--------- -------------------

17-DEC-80 2014-08-23 22:10:49

 

4:  STDDEV(distinct|all)

求標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,ALL表示對所有的值求標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,DISTINCT表示只對不同的值求標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差

SQL> select stddev(sal) from emp;

STDDEV(SAL)

-----------

 1182.50322

 

SQL> select stddev(all sal) from emp;

STDDEV(ALLSAL)

--------------

    1182.50322

 

SQL> select stddev(distinct sal) from emp;

STDDEV(DISTINCTSAL)

-------------------

         1229.95096

 

5:   VARIANCE(DISTINCT|ALL)

求協(xié)方差  ALL表示對所有的值求協(xié)方差,DISTINCT表示只對不同的值求協(xié)方差

SQL> select variance(sal) from emp;

VARIANCE(SAL)

-------------

   1398313.87

 

SQL> select variance(all sal) from emp;

VARIANCE(ALLSAL)

----------------

      1398313.87

 

SQL> select variance(distinct sal) from emp;

VARIANCE(DISTINCTSAL)

---------------------

           1512779.36

 

6:  SUM(DISTINCT|ALL)

求和  ALL表示對所有值求和,DISTINCT表示只對不同值求和(相同值只取一次)

SQL> select sum(sal) from emp;

  SUM(SAL)

----------

     29025

 

SQL> select sum(all sal) from emp;

SUM(ALLSAL)

-----------

      29025

 

SQL> select sum(distinct sal) from emp;

SUM(DISTINCTSAL)

----------------

           24775

 

7COUNT(DISTINCT|ALL)

求記錄、數(shù)據(jù)個數(shù)。 ALL對所有記錄,數(shù)組做統(tǒng)計(jì), DISTINCT只對不同值統(tǒng)計(jì)(相同值只取一次)

SQL> select count(sal) from emp;

COUNT(SAL)

----------

        14

 

SQL> select count(all sal) from emp;

COUNT(ALLSAL)

-------------

           14

 

SQL> select count(distinct sal) from emp;

COUNT(DISTINCTSAL)

------------------

                12

 

8MEDIAN

求中位數(shù)

SQL> select median(sal) from emp;

MEDIAN(SAL)

-----------

       1550

 

SQL> select median(all sal) from emp;

MEDIAN(ALLSAL)

--------------

          1550

 

SQL> select median(distinct sal) from emp;

select median(distinct sal) from emp

       *

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-30482: DISTINCT option not allowed for this function    --錯誤:DISTINCT 選項(xiàng)在此函數(shù)中禁用。

 

三  Group by子句

 

Group By語句從英文的字面意義上理解就是“根據(jù)(by)一定的規(guī)則進(jìn)行分組(Group)”。它的作用是通過一定的規(guī)則將一個數(shù)據(jù)集劃分成若干個小的區(qū)域,然后針對若干個小區(qū)域進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理。 如果在查詢的過程中需要按某一列的值進(jìn)行分組,以統(tǒng)計(jì)該組內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)的信息時(shí),就要使用group by子句。不管select是否使用了where子句都可以使用group by子句。

 

注意:group by子句一定要與分組函數(shù)結(jié)合使用,否則沒有意義

 

求出每個部門的人數(shù)

SQL> select deptno,count(*) num from emp group by deptno order by deptno;

    DEPTNO        NUM

----------       ----------

        10          3

        20          5

30             6

 

每個部門員工的平均工資

SQL>  select deptno,avg(sal) from emp group by deptno;

    DEPTNO   AVG(SAL)

---------- ----------

        30 1566.66667

        20       2175

        10 2916.66667

 

SQL>  select deptno,avg(nvl(sal,0)) from emp group by deptno;

    DEPTNO AVG(NVL(SAL,0))

---------- ---------------

        30      1566.66667

        20            2175

10         2916.66667

 

每個部門員工的工資+獎金

SQL>  select deptno,avg(sal+nvl(comm,0)) from emp group by deptno;

    DEPTNO AVG(SAL+NVL(COMM,0))

---------- --------------------

        30           1933.33333

        20                 2175

        10           2916.66667

 

SQL>  select deptno,avg(nvl(sal,0)+nvl(comm,0)) from emp group by deptno;

    DEPTNO AVG(NVL(SAL,0)+NVL(COMM,0))

---------- ---------------------------

        30                  1933.33333

        20                        2175

        10                  2916.66667

注意:group by 子句中的列不必包含在SELECT 列表中


4         求出某個部門中相同職位的員工人數(shù)   group by 后可以跟多個分組的字段

SQL> select deptno,job,count(*) from emp group by deptno,job order by deptno;

    DEPTNO JOB         COUNT(*)

---------- --------- ----------

        10 CLERK              1

        10 MANAGER          1

        10 PRESIDENT          1

        20 ANALYST            2

        20 CLERK               2

        20 MANAGER            1

        30 CLERK               1

        30 MANAGER            1

        30 SALESMAN            4

 

9         rows selected.

 

非法使用組函數(shù)

 

(1) 所用包含于SELECT 列表中,而未包含于組函數(shù)中的列都必須包含于 GROUP BY 子句中。

 

舉例:

SQL> select deptno,count(job) from emp;

select deptno,count(job) from emp

       *

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00937: not a single-group group function

 

正確寫法如下:

SQL> select deptno,count(job) from emp group by deptno;

    DEPTNO COUNT(JOB)

---------- ----------

        30          6

        20          5

        10          3

 

(2)  不能在 WHERE 子句中使用組函數(shù)(注意)。

 

SQL> select deptno from emp where count(job)>0 group by deptno;

 

備注ERROR at line 1: ORA-00933: SQL command not properly ended

此處不允許使用分組函數(shù)

 

(3)  Having 子句

   HAVING 子句對 GROUP BY 子句設(shè)置條件的方式與 WHERE 子句和 SELECT 語句交互的方式類似。WHERE 子句搜索條件在進(jìn)行分組操作之前應(yīng)用;而 HAVING 搜索條件在進(jìn)行分組操作之后應(yīng)用。HAVING 語法與 WHERE 語法類似,但 HAVING 可以包含聚合函數(shù)。HAVING 子句可以引用選擇列表中出現(xiàn)的任意項(xiàng)。

 

備注:having子句通常與group by子句結(jié)合使用

 

語法:

SELECT column, group_function

FROM table

[WHERE condition]

[GROUP BY group_by_expression]

[HAVING group_condition]

[ORDER BY column];

 

查詢部門員工人數(shù)大于3的部門編號

SQL> select deptno,count(*) from emp group by deptno having count(*)>3 order by deptno;

DEPTNO     COUNT(*)

----------      ----------

        20          5

        30          6

 

注意:

1 group by后不可以接別名

SQL> select deptno d,sum(sal) from emp group by deptno;

         D   SUM(SAL)

---------- ----------

        30       9400

        20      10875

        10       8750

 

SQL> select deptno d,sum(sal) from emp group by d;

select deptno d,sum(sal) from emp group by d

                                           *

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00904: "D": invalid identifier

 

2  group by后不能接數(shù)字

SQL> select job,sum(sal) from emp group by 1;

select job,sum(sal) from emp group by 1

       *

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00979: not a GROUP BY expression

 

 

SQL> select job,sum(sal) from emp group by job;

JOB         SUM(SAL)

--------- ----------

CLERK           4150

SALESMAN        5600

PRESIDENT       5000

MANAGER         8275

ANALYST         6000

 

3  group by后可以接select后沒有的列

SQL> select sum(sal) from emp group by deptno;

 

  SUM(SAL)

----------

      9400

     10875

      8750

 

4  select 后出現(xiàn)的列,在group by后必須全部出現(xiàn)

SQL> select job,deptno,sum(sal) from emp group by job,deptno;

JOB           DEPTNO   SUM(SAL)

--------- ---------- ----------

MANAGER           20       2975

PRESIDENT         10       5000

CLERK             10       1300

SALESMAN          30       5600

ANALYST           20       6000

MANAGER           30       2850

MANAGER           10       2450

CLERK             30        950

CLERK             20       1900

 

9 rows selected.

 

SQL> select job,deptno,sum(sal) from emp group by job;

select job,deptno,sum(sal) from emp group by job

           *

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00979: not a GROUP BY expression

SQL> select job,deptno,sum(sal) from emp group by deptno;

select job,deptno,sum(sal) from emp group by deptno

       *

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00979: not a GROUP BY expression

 

4         group by后不能使用where,因?yàn)?span>where是在分組之前起作用的,分組后的數(shù)據(jù)在進(jìn)行過濾需要使用having

SQL> select deptno,avg(sal) from emp group by deptno where deptno>10;

select deptno,avg(sal) from emp group by deptno where deptno>10

                                                *

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00933: SQL command not properly ended

 

SQL> select deptno,avg(sal) from emp group by deptno having deptno>10;

 

    DEPTNO   AVG(SAL)

---------- ----------

        30 1566.66667

20          2175

 

5  group by之前可以使用where過濾數(shù)據(jù)

A:

SQL> select deptno,sum(sal) from emp where deptno!=30 group by deptno having sum(sal)>5000;

    DEPTNO   SUM(SAL)

---------- ----------

        20      10875

        10       8750

B

SQL> select deptno,sum(sal) from emp  group by deptno having sum(sal)>5000 and deptno!=30;

    DEPTNO   SUM(SAL)

---------- ----------

        20      10875

        10       8750

性能:能在where能過濾數(shù)據(jù)不要在having里過濾,AB都能達(dá)到同樣的目的,但是A性能相對好一些,因?yàn)?span>A現(xiàn)將deptno=30的數(shù)據(jù)篩選出來,然后在將篩選的數(shù)據(jù)放入到臨時(shí)表空間內(nèi)進(jìn)行分組;而B將全部的數(shù)據(jù)都讀到臨時(shí)表空間內(nèi),然后在臨時(shí)表空間進(jìn)行篩選數(shù)據(jù),這樣一來B就需要更大的臨時(shí)表空間進(jìn)行分組篩選,索引性能較差;

 

參考與--- http://www.2cto.com/database/201305/214634.html

 

向AI問一下細(xì)節(jié)

免責(zé)聲明:本站發(fā)布的內(nèi)容(圖片、視頻和文字)以原創(chuàng)、轉(zhuǎn)載和分享為主,文章觀點(diǎn)不代表本網(wǎng)站立場,如果涉及侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系站長郵箱:is@yisu.com進(jìn)行舉報(bào),并提供相關(guān)證據(jù),一經(jīng)查實(shí),將立刻刪除涉嫌侵權(quán)內(nèi)容。

AI