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29面向?qū)ο?_dir-hash-bool-repr-str

發(fā)布時間:2020-07-09 17:02:44 來源:網(wǎng)絡(luò) 閱讀:185 作者:chaijowin 欄目:編程語言

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目錄

魔術(shù)方法分類:... 1

__dir__. 2

__hash__. 6

__bool__. 10

可視化... 11

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魔術(shù)方法:

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為編程提供便利,可大大提高編程效率;

pythonic;

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特殊屬性:

__name__,類、函數(shù)、方法等的名字,實例沒有此屬性;

__module__,類定義所在的模塊名;

__class__,對象或類所屬的類,如對象的類的類self.__class__.__class__

__bases__,類的基類的元組,順序為它們在基類列表中出現(xiàn)的順序,不是mro;

__doc__,類、函數(shù)的文檔字符串,如沒定義為None

__mro__,類的mro,class.mro()返回的結(jié)果保存在__mro__中,method resolution order,找鏈,mixin

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注:

single linkedlist中的__getitem__,僅用于容器,提供一種方便的接口,如索引或其它方式來用;

函數(shù)中的屬性,foo.__defaults__,用元組保存位置參數(shù)默認值;

函數(shù)中的屬性,foo.__kwdefaults__,用元組保存關(guān)鍵字參數(shù)默認值;

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魔術(shù)方法分類:

創(chuàng)建與銷毀:__init__、__del__

hash

bool;

__repr__、__str__,可視化;

__add__,運算符重載;

單(雙)向鏈表中的[]__getitem__、__sizeof__,容器和大??;

可調(diào)用對象,decorator、類裝飾器;

上下文管理,with...as...

反射(自?。?;

描述器;

其它雜項;

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__dir__

查看屬性,返回類或?qū)ο蟮乃谐蓡T名稱列表;

dir()函數(shù)就是調(diào)用__dir__(),如果提供__dir__(),則返回屬性的列表,否則會盡量從__dict__屬性中收集信息;

如果dir(obj),參數(shù)obj中包含方法__dir__(),該方法將被調(diào)用,如果參數(shù)obj不包含__dir__(),該方法將最大限度的收集參數(shù)信息;

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dir(),對于不同類型的對象有不同的行為:

如果對象是模塊對象,列表包含模塊的屬性名;

如果對象是類型或類對象,列表包含類的屬性名、及它的基類的屬性名;

否則,列表包含對象的屬性名、它的類的屬性名、類的基類的屬性名;(向上逐級找)

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例:

In [8]: dir()?? #搜集當(dāng)前模塊

Out[8]:

['In',

?'Out',

?'_',

?'_1',

?'_2',

?'_3',

?'_4',

?'_5',

?'_7',

?'__',

?'___',

?'__builtin__',

?'__builtins__',

?'__doc__',

?'__loader__',

?'__name__',

……

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例:

class A:

??? def __init__(self,name=18):

??????? self.name = name

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class B(A):

??? def __dir__(self):?? #實例的,類中的方法要看第1個參數(shù),是self就是實例的

??????? return ['abcdefg']?? #必須返回列表,若寫為return 'abcd'則返回['a','b','c','d']

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b = B()

print(sorted(dir(b)))

print(sorted(dir(B)))

print(sorted(b.__dict__))

print(sorted(B.__dict__))

print(dir())?? #pycharm中的dir(),__builtins__內(nèi)置函數(shù)等,如果對象是模塊對象,列表包含模塊的屬性名;

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輸出:

['abcdefg']

['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__']

['name']

['__dir__', '__doc__', '__module__']

['A', 'B', '__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'b']

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例:

#example_class_magicmethod2.py

class Animal:

??? X = 123

??? def __init__(self,name):

??????? self._name = name

??????? self.__age = 10

??????? self.weight = 20

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print("animal module's name = {}".format(dir()))?? #如果對象是模塊對象,列表包含模塊的屬性名;

輸出:

animal module's name = ['Animal', '__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__']

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# example_class_magicmethod3.py

from example_class_magicmethod2 import Animal

import example_class_magicmethod2

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class Cat(Animal):

??? X = 'cat'

??? Y = 'abcd'

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class Dog(Animal):

??? def __dir__(self):

??????? return ['dog']

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print("current module's name = {}".format(dir()))?? #模塊名詞空間內(nèi)的屬性

print("example_class_magicmethod2 module's name = {}".format(dir(example_class_magicmethod2)))?? #指定模塊名詞空間內(nèi)的屬性

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print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~')

print("object's __dict__ = {}".format(object.__dict__.keys()))?? #祖先類object的字典

print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~')

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print("Animal class's dir() = {}".format(dir(Animal)))?? #Animaldir()

print("Cat class's dir() = {}".format(dir(Cat)))?? #Catdir()

print("Dog class's dir() = {}".format(dir(Dog)))

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print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~')

tom = Cat('tom')

print("Cat instance's dir() = {}".format(sorted(dir(tom))))?? #實例的dir(),包括tom實例的屬性、Cat類屬性、祖先類object屬性,sorted返回dictkey組成的列表

print("Cat instance's __dir__ = {}".format(sorted(tom.__dir__())))?? #同上

print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~')

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print(sorted(set(tom.__dict__.keys()) | set(Cat.__dict__.keys()) | set(object.__dict__.keys())))?? #實例的dir()近似等價于該行的__dict__所有(實例的、所屬類的、祖先類的所有屬性)屬性;一般僅用__dict__就夠了,是自己設(shè)計的,dir(tom)能查到所有;

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print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~')

print("Dog class's dir() = {}".format(dir(Dog)))

dog = Dog('snoopy')

print("Dog instance's dir() = {}".format(dir(dog)))

print("Dog instance's __dict__ = {}".format(dog.__dict__))

輸出:

current module's name = ['Animal', 'Cat', 'Dog', '__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'example_class_magicmethod2']

example_class_magicmethod2 module's name = ['Animal', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__']

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

object's __dict__ = dict_keys(['__repr__', '__hash__', '__str__', '__getattribute__', '__setattr__', '__delattr__', '__lt__', '__le__', '__eq__', '__ne__', '__gt__', '__ge__', '__init__', '__new__', '__reduce_ex__', '__reduce__', '__subclasshook__', '__init_subclass__', '__format__', '__sizeof__', '__dir__', '__class__', '__doc__'])

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Animal class's dir() = ['X', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__']

Cat class's dir() = ['X', 'Y', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__']

Dog class's dir() = ['X', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__']

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Cat instance's dir() = ['X', 'Y', '_Animal__age', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', '_name', 'weight']

Cat instance's __dir__ = ['X', 'Y', '_Animal__age', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', '_name', 'weight']

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

['X', 'Y', '_Animal__age', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '_name', 'weight']

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Dog class's dir() = ['X', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__']

Dog instance's dir() = ['dog']

Dog instance's __dict__ = {'_name': 'snoopy', '_Animal__age': 10, 'weight': 20}

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例:

class A:

??? def __init__(self,name=18):

??????? self.name = name

?

class B(A):

??? def __dir__(self):

??????? return ['abcdefg']

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b = B()

print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~')

print(sorted(dir(b)))

print(sorted(dir(B)))?? #dir(A)相等

print(sorted(dir(A)))

print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~')

print(sorted(b.__dict__))

print(sorted(A.__dict__))

print(sorted(B.__dict__))

print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~')

print(dir())

print(b.__dict__)

輸出:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~

['abcdefg']

['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__']

['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__']

~~~~~~~~~~~~~

['name']

['__dict__', '__doc__', '__init__', '__module__', '__weakref__']

['__dir__', '__doc__', '__module__']

~~~~~~~~~~~~~

['A', 'B', '__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'b']

{'name': 18}

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__hash__

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list源碼中的;

??? @staticmethod?? # known case of __new__ #很少用

??? def __new__(*args, **kwargs):?? ?# real signature unknown

??????? """ Create and return a new object.? See help(type) for accurate signature. """

??????? Pass

??? __hash__ = None?? #技巧,類中不可hashable寫法,不可hash類型就是這樣實現(xiàn)的

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__hash__,內(nèi)建函數(shù)hash()調(diào)用的返回值,只能返回一個整型(返回一個整數(shù)),如果定義這個方法,該類的實例就可hashable

一切對象都有__hash__,來自objectobject默認還實現(xiàn)了__eq__方法;

__eq__,對應(yīng)==操作符,判斷2個對象是否相等,返回bool值,若返回None則兩個對象相等;

__hash__方法只是返回一個hash值作為setkey,但是去重還需要__eq__來判斷2個對象是否相等;

哈希,時間復(fù)雜度O(1);

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hash值相等,只是hash沖突,不能說明2個對象是相等的,因此,一般來說,提供__hash__方法是為了作為setdictkey的,所以去重要同時提供這兩個方法;

類中要兩種同時用,__hash____eq__;

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hashable對象必須提供__hash__方法,沒有提供的話,isinstance(p1,collections.Hashable)一定為False;

from collections import Hashable

print(Hashable(isinstance(A,Hashable)))?? #很少用,可否hashablehash()判斷即可

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注:

元組里有列表則不可hashable;

def __hash__(self),只能返回整型;

一致性hash,hash環(huán),2^32

def hash(x):

???????? return x % 3?? #return x % 3000000,沖突域大,則沖突可能性小

md5,單向散列,不可逆;

hash,一般在緩存中用,時間復(fù)雜度O(1);

緩沖,大壩,匹配生產(chǎn)者和消費者速度;

n個實例得到的hash值一樣,hash沖突,dict要解決問題,解決辦法:拉鏈法、開地址法;

__eq__,==,def __eq__(self,other): return None,則兩個對象等效(相等);

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例:

In [1]: o = [1,2,3]

In [2]: hash(o) ??#相當(dāng)于o.__hash__(),等價于None()

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TypeError???????????????????????????????? Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-2-5823e6f515e9> in <module>()

----> 1 hash(o)

TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'

In [3]: o.__hash__()

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TypeError???????????????????????????????? Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-3-36e00a5ab94a> in <module>()

----> 1 o.__hash__()

TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable

?

例:

class A:

??? def __hash__(self):

??????? return 1?? #只能返回整型,否則TypeError: __hash__ method should return an integer

?

print(hash(A()))

輸出:

1

?

例:

class A:

??? __hash__ = None?? #不可hash類型就是這樣實現(xiàn)的

?

print(hash(A()))

輸出:

Traceback (most recent call last):

? File "/home/python/magedu/projects/cmdb/example_class_magicmethod1.py", line 28, in <module>

??? print(hash(A()))

TypeError: unhashable type: 'A'

?

例:

class A:

??? def __init__(self,name=18):

??????? self.name = name

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??? def __hash__(self):?? #hashable,hash沖突(hash值一樣)

??????? return 1

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lst = [A(),A()]

print(lst)

s = set(lst)?? #set還作了is判斷

print(s)

print(len(s))?? #2

for x in s:

??? print(hash(x))

輸出:

[<__main__.A object at 0x7fee3d5f4438>, <__main__.A object at 0x7fee3d5f4b00>]

{<__main__.A object at 0x7fee3d5f4438>, <__main__.A object at 0x7fee3d5f4b00>}

2

1

1

?

例:

class A:

??? def __init__(self,name=18):

??????? self.name = name

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??? def __hash__(self):?? #hash

??????? return 1

?

??? def __eq__(self, other):?? #去重,兩個是否相等,相等set才去重;可hash和去重是兩個概念,兩個一塊用

?????????????????? # return False?? #等價于上例,兩個不相等,len(s)2

??????? # return True

??????? return self.name == other.name

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a = A(4)

b = A(4)

print(a.__dict__)

print(b.__dict__)

lst = [a,b]

print(lst)

s = set(lst)

print(s)

print(len(s))?? #1

for x in s:

??? print(hash(x))

輸出:

{'name': 4}

{'name': 4}

[<__main__.A object at 0x7f0a3e3ca438>, <__main__.A object at 0x7f0a3e3ca470>]

{<__main__.A object at 0x7f0a3e3ca438>}

1

1

?

例:

設(shè)計二維坐標(biāo)類Point,比較2個坐標(biāo)是否相等?

from collections import Hashable

?

class Point:

??? def __init__(self,x,y):

??????? self.x = x

??????? self.y = y

?

??? def __hash__(self):

??????? return hash((self.x,self.y))

?

??? def __eq__(self, other):

??????? return self.x == other.x and self.y == other.y

?

p1 = Point(4,5)

p2 = Point(4,5)

print(hash(p1))

print(hash(p2))

print(p1 is p2)?? #False

print(p1 == p2)?? #True

print(set((p1,p2)))

print(isinstance(p2,Hashable))?? #True

輸出:

3713084879518070856

3713084879518070856

False

True

{<__main__.Point object at 0x7fd0fc7e6b38>}

True

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?

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__bool__

內(nèi)建函數(shù)bool(),或?qū)ο蠓旁谶壿嫳磉_式的位置,調(diào)用這個函數(shù)返回布爾值;

沒有定義__bool__(),就找__len__()返回長度,非0為真;如果__len__()也沒有定義,那么所有實例都返回真;

__bool__()__len__()都沒有,恒為True;

?

empty list、empty set、empty tuple、empty dict,四大皆空,集合類型都為空,等效于False;

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__bool__,調(diào)所有對象,逐級向上找,object中有__bool__的最簡單實現(xiàn),object上也沒,就找__len____len__也沒有,恒為True,一切皆為真;

__len__,說明是個容器,里面沒有東西說明為空,__len__返回值>=0;

?

注:

鏈表中不寫__bool__,只寫__len__,可實現(xiàn)等效False;

?

例:

class A:

??? pass

?

class B:

??? def __bool__(self):

??????? # return False

??????? return True

?

class C:

??? def __len__(self):

?? ?????# return 0

??????? return 1

???

print(bool(A()))

print(bool(B))

print(bool(B()))

print(bool(C()))

print(C().__len__())

print(len(C()))

輸出:

True

True

True

True

1

1

?

?

?

可視化

__repr__、__str__

__repr__,內(nèi)建函數(shù)repr()對一個對象獲取字符串表達,如果一個類定義了__repr__()但有定義__str__,那么在請求該類的實例的“非正式”的字符串表示時也將調(diào)用__repr__();

__str__,str()函數(shù),內(nèi)建函數(shù)format、print()調(diào)用,需要返回對象的字符串表達;

__bytes__bytes的時候,返回一個對象的bytes表達,即返回bytes對象;

?

__repr__、__str__都沒有,找object(打印內(nèi)存地址);

沒有__str__,找__repr__;

?

沒有__repr__,只有__str__

str()、formatprint使用沒問題;

內(nèi)部打印找object,如print([A()]),顯示[<__main__.A object at 0x7f5ac6059470>];

?

一般__repr____str__兩個都要,寫的一模一樣;

技巧,在定義__repr__后,__str__ =? __repr__,類似__hash__ = None;

?

例:

class A:

??? def __init__(self):

??????? self.a = 'a'

??????? self.b = 'b'

?

??? def __repr__(self):

??????? return 'repr: {},{}'.format(self.a,self.b)

?

??? def __str__(self):

??????? return 'str: {},{}'.format(self.a,self.b)

?

print(A())?? #print函數(shù)使用__str__

print([A()])?? #[]使用__str__,但其內(nèi)部使用__repr__

print(([str(A())]))?? #[]使用__str__,str()函數(shù)也使用__str__

print('str:a,b')

s = 'b'

print(['a'],(s,))

輸出:

str: a,b

[repr: a,b]

['str: a,b']

str:a,b

['a'] ('b',)

?

2

class A:

??? def __init__(self):

??????? self.a = 'a'

??????? self.b = 'b'

?

??? # def __repr__(self):

??? #???? return 'repr: {},{}'.format(self.a,self.b)

?

??? def __str__(self):

??????? return 'str: {},{}'.format(self.a,self.b)

?

print(A())

print([A()])?? #內(nèi)部調(diào)用__repr__(),__repr__()沒有則調(diào)用object打印內(nèi)存地址

print(([str(A())]))

print('str:a,b')

s = 'b'

print(['a'],(s,))

輸出:

str: a,b

[<__main__.A object at 0x7f5ac6059470>]

['str: a,b']

str:a,b

['a'] ('b',)

?

?


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