如何在C#項(xiàng)目中實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)堆?相信很多沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人對(duì)此束手無策,為此本文總結(jié)了問題出現(xiàn)的原因和解決方法,通過這篇文章希望你能解決這個(gè)問題。
堆是用來排序的,通常是一個(gè)可以被看做一棵樹的數(shù)組對(duì)象。堆滿足已下特性:
1. 堆中某個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的值總是不大于或不小于其父節(jié)點(diǎn)的值
任意節(jié)點(diǎn)的值小于(或大于)它的所有后裔,所以最小元(或最大元)在堆的根節(jié)點(diǎn)上(堆序性)。堆有大根堆和小根堆,將根節(jié)點(diǎn)最大的堆叫做最大堆或大根堆,根節(jié)點(diǎn)最小的堆叫做最小堆或小根堆。
2. 堆總是一棵完全二叉樹
除了最底層,其他層的節(jié)點(diǎn)都被元素填滿,且最底層盡可能地從左到右填入?!?/p>
堆示意圖:
將堆元素從上往下從左到右放進(jìn)數(shù)組對(duì)象中,子父節(jié)點(diǎn)索引滿足關(guān)系:
parentIndex = (index+1)/ 2 - 1;
childLeftIndex = parentIndex * 2 + 1;
childRightIndex = (parentIndex + 1) * 2;
其中:index為任一節(jié)點(diǎn)索引;parentIndex該節(jié)點(diǎn)父索引;childLeftIndex該父節(jié)點(diǎn)下的子左節(jié)點(diǎn);childRightIndex該父節(jié)點(diǎn)下的子右節(jié)點(diǎn)。
創(chuàng)建堆的大概思路:
1. 向堆中添加元素:
加到數(shù)組尾處,循環(huán)比對(duì)其父節(jié)點(diǎn)值(大根堆和小根堆比對(duì)策略不一樣),比對(duì)結(jié)果的目標(biāo)索引不是父節(jié)點(diǎn)索引則交換子父節(jié)點(diǎn)元素,繼續(xù)向上比對(duì)其父父節(jié)點(diǎn)…;直至比對(duì)過程中目標(biāo)索引為父節(jié)點(diǎn)索引或達(dá)到根節(jié)點(diǎn)結(jié)束,新堆創(chuàng)建完成。
2. 向堆中取出元素:
取出根節(jié)點(diǎn)元素,并將堆末尾元素插入根節(jié)點(diǎn)(為了保證堆的完全二叉樹特性),從根部再循環(huán)向下比對(duì)父節(jié)點(diǎn)、子左節(jié)點(diǎn)、子右節(jié)點(diǎn)值,比對(duì)結(jié)果目標(biāo)索引不為父節(jié)點(diǎn)交換目標(biāo)索引和父節(jié)點(diǎn)的值,向下繼續(xù)比對(duì);直至比對(duì)過程中目標(biāo)索引為父節(jié)點(diǎn)索引或達(dá)到堆尾部結(jié)束,新堆創(chuàng)建完成。
因?yàn)榇蟾押托「阎皇潜容^策略不同,所以整合了兩者,用的時(shí)候可以直接設(shè)置堆的類別;默認(rèn)小根堆,默認(rèn)比較器。實(shí)現(xiàn)代碼如下:
public class Heap<T> { private T[] _array;//數(shù)組,存放堆數(shù)據(jù) private int _count;//堆數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)量 private HeapType _typeName;//堆類型 private const int _DefaultCapacity = 4;//默認(rèn)數(shù)組容量/最小容量 private const int _ShrinkThreshold = 50;//收縮閾值(百分比) private const int _MinimumGrow = 4;//最小擴(kuò)容量 private const int _GrowFactor = 200; // 數(shù)組擴(kuò)容百分比,默認(rèn)2倍 private IComparer<T> _comparer;//比較器 private Func<T, T, bool> _comparerFunc;//比較函數(shù) //堆數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)量 public int Count => _count; //堆類型 public HeapType TypeName => _typeName; public Heap() : this(_DefaultCapacity, HeapType.MinHeap, null) { } public Heap(int capacity) : this(capacity, HeapType.MinHeap, null) { } public Heap(HeapType heapType) : this(_DefaultCapacity, heapType, null) { } public Heap(int capacity, HeapType heapType, IComparer<T> comparer) { Init(capacity, heapType, comparer); } public Heap(IEnumerable<T> collection, HeapType heapType, IComparer<T> comparer) { if (collection == null) throw new IndexOutOfRangeException(); Init(collection.Count(), heapType, comparer); using (IEnumerator<T> en = collection.GetEnumerator())//避免T在GC堆中有非托管資源,GC不能釋放,需手動(dòng) { while (en.MoveNext()) Enqueue(en.Current); } } private void Init(int capacity, HeapType heapType, IComparer<T> comparer) { if (capacity < 0) throw new IndexOutOfRangeException(); _count = 0; _array = new T[capacity]; _comparer = comparer ?? Comparer<T>.Default; _typeName = heapType; switch (heapType) { default: case HeapType.MinHeap: _comparerFunc = (T t1, T t2) => _comparer.Compare(t1, t2) > 0;//目標(biāo)對(duì)象t2小 break; case HeapType.MaxHeap: _comparerFunc = (T t1, T t2) => _comparer.Compare(t1, t2) < 0;//目標(biāo)對(duì)象t2大 break; } } public T Dequeue() { if (_count == 0) throw new InvalidOperationException(); T result = _array[0]; _array[0] = _array[--_count]; _array[_count] = default(T); if (_array.Length > _DefaultCapacity && _count * 100 <= _array.Length * _ShrinkThreshold)//縮容 { int newCapacity = Math.Max(_DefaultCapacity, (int)((long)_array.Length * (long)_ShrinkThreshold / 100)); SetCapacity(newCapacity); } AdjustHeap(_array, 0, _count); return result; } public void Enqueue(T item) { if (_count >= _array.Length)//擴(kuò)容 { int newCapacity = Math.Max(_array.Length+_MinimumGrow, (int)((long)_array.Length * (long)_GrowFactor / 100)); SetCapacity(newCapacity); } _array[_count++] = item; int parentIndex; int targetIndex; int targetCount = _count; while (targetCount > 1) { parentIndex = targetCount / 2 - 1; targetIndex = targetCount - 1; if (!_comparerFunc.Invoke(_array[parentIndex], _array[targetIndex])) break; Swap(_array, parentIndex, targetIndex); targetCount = parentIndex + 1; } } private void AdjustHeap(T[] array, int parentIndex, int count) { if (_count < 2) return; int childLeftIndex = parentIndex * 2 + 1; int childRightIndex = (parentIndex + 1) * 2; int targetIndex = parentIndex; if (childLeftIndex < count && _comparerFunc.Invoke(array[parentIndex], array[childLeftIndex])) targetIndex = childLeftIndex; if (childRightIndex < count && _comparerFunc.Invoke(array[targetIndex], array[childRightIndex])) targetIndex = childRightIndex; if (targetIndex != parentIndex) { Swap(_array, parentIndex, targetIndex); AdjustHeap(_array, targetIndex, _count); } } private void SetCapacity(int capacity) { T[] newArray = new T[capacity]; Array.Copy(_array, newArray, _count); _array = newArray; } private void Swap(T[] array, int index1, int index2) { T temp = array[index1]; array[index1] = array[index2]; array[index2] = temp; } public void Clear() { Array.Clear(_array, 0, _count); Init(_DefaultCapacity, HeapType.MinHeap, null); } } public enum HeapType { MinHeap, MaxHeap }
建一個(gè)Person類用來測(cè)試,例子中Person比較規(guī)則是:先按年齡比較,年齡相同再按身高比較。具體比較大小是由選擇堆的類別進(jìn)行不同的排序規(guī)則:如Person類中小根堆先按年齡小者排序,年齡相同者按身高大者排序;而使用大根堆則相反。兩種比較器寫法,前者直接使用默認(rèn)比較器;后者需要將比較器注入到堆中。
public class Person : IComparable<Person> { public string name { get; set; } public int Age { get; set; } public int Height { get; set; } public override string ToString() { return $"我叫{name},年齡{Age},身高{Height}"; } //小根堆:先排年齡小,年齡相同,按身高大的先排;大根堆相反 public int CompareTo(Person other) { if (this.Age.CompareTo(other.Age) != 0) return this.Age.CompareTo(other.Age); else if (this.Height.CompareTo(other.Height) != 0) return ~this.Height.CompareTo(other.Height); else return 0; } } public class personComparer : IComparer<Person> { //大根堆:先排年齡大,年齡相同,按身高大的先排;小根堆相反 public int Compare(Person x, Person y) { if (x.Age.CompareTo(y.Age) != 0) return x.Age.CompareTo(y.Age); else if (x.Height.CompareTo(y.Height) != 0) return x.Height.CompareTo(y.Height); else return 0; } }
主函數(shù)調(diào)用:
static void Main(string[] args) { int[] array = { 3, 5, 8, 3, 7, 1 }; Heap<int> heap0 = new Heap<int>(array, HeapType.MaxHeap, null); Console.WriteLine(heap0.TypeName); Console.WriteLine(heap0.Dequeue()); Console.WriteLine(heap0.Dequeue()); Console.WriteLine(heap0.Dequeue()); Console.WriteLine(heap0.Dequeue()); int length = heap0.Count; for (int count = 0; count < length; count++) { Console.WriteLine(heap0.Dequeue()); } Person person1 = new Person() { Age = 12, Height = 158, name = "張三" }; Person person2 = new Person() { Age = 13, Height = 160, name = "李四" }; Person person3 = new Person() { Age = 10, Height = 150, name = "王二" }; Person person4 = new Person() { Age = 10, Height = 152, name = "麻子" }; Person person5 = new Person() { Age = 12, Height = 150, name = "劉五" }; List<Person> people = new List<Person>(); people.Add(person1); people.Add(person2); people.Add(person3); people.Add(person4); people.Add(person5); Heap<Person> heap2 = new Heap<Person>(people, HeapType.MinHeap, null); Person person6 = new Person() { Age = 9, Height = 145, name = "趙六" }; heap2.Enqueue(person6); Console.WriteLine(heap2.TypeName); Console.WriteLine(heap2.Dequeue()); Console.WriteLine(heap2.Dequeue()); Console.WriteLine(heap2.Dequeue()); Console.WriteLine(heap2.Dequeue()); PersonComparer personComparer = new PersonComparer(); Heap<Person> heap3 = new Heap<Person>(1,HeapType.MaxHeap,personComparer); heap3.Enqueue(person1); heap3.Enqueue(person2); heap3.Enqueue(person3); heap3.Enqueue(person4); heap3.Enqueue(person5); heap3.Enqueue(person6); Console.WriteLine(heap3.TypeName); Console.WriteLine(heap3.Dequeue()); Console.WriteLine(heap3.Dequeue()); Console.WriteLine(heap3.Dequeue()); Console.WriteLine(heap3.Dequeue()); Console.ReadKey(); }
輸出結(jié)果:
看完上述內(nèi)容,你們掌握如何在C#項(xiàng)目中實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)堆的方法了嗎?如果還想學(xué)到更多技能或想了解更多相關(guān)內(nèi)容,歡迎關(guān)注億速云行業(yè)資訊頻道,感謝各位的閱讀!
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