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前提是數(shù)據(jù)庫的數(shù)據(jù)是放在邏輯卷上的； 數(shù)據(jù)庫數(shù)據(jù)和日志分開存放；正常情況下數(shù)據(jù)和日志是放在兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的磁盤上，如果是raid的話，那么就無所謂了。
創(chuàng)建分區(qū)：
[root@mysql ~]$fdisk /dev/sda Command (m for help): n All primary partitions are in use Adding logical partition 6 First sector (153098240-419430399, default 153098240): Using default value 153098240 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (153098240-419430399, default 419430399): +10G Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-6, default 6): 6 Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM' Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) Syncing disks. [root@mysql ~]$partprobe Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only. [root@mysql ~]$lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot ├─sda2 8:2 0 50G 0 part / ├─sda3 8:3 0 20G 0 part /app ├─sda4 8:4 0 512B 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part [SWAP] └─sda6 8:6 0 10G 0 part sr0 11:0 1 8.1G 0 rom loop0 7:0 0 8.1G 1 loop /mnt/cdrom
創(chuàng)建PV，vg，lv：
加入PV、VG和LV； [root@mysql ~]$pvcreate /dev/sda6 Physical volume "/dev/sda6" successfully created. [root@mysql ~]$pvs PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sda6 lvm2 --- 10.00g 10.00g [root@mysql ~]$vgcreate vg0 /dev/sda6 Volume group "vg0" successfully created [root@mysql ~]$vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree vg0 1 0 0 wz--n- <10.00g <10.00g [root@mysql ~]$vgdisplay --- Volume group --- VG Name vg0 System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 1 Metadata Sequence No 1 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 0 Open LV 0 Max PV 0 Cur PV 1 Act PV 1 VG Size <10.00 GiB PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 2559 Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0 Free PE / Size 2559 / <10.00 GiB VG UUID fuGxOy-IVrf-SnWd-C0ie-eb9O-LIWz-sMx17T [root@mysql ~]$pvs PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sda6 vg0 lvm2 a-- <10.00g <10.00g 創(chuàng)建的LV，剩余的空間用于放置快照數(shù)據(jù)； [root@mysql ~]$lvcreate -n mysqldata -L 2G vg0 Logical volume "mysqldata" created. [root@mysql ~]$lvcreate -n binlogs -L 3G vg0 Logical volume "binlogs" created. [root@mysql ~]$pvs PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sda6 vg0 lvm2 a-- <10.00g <5.00g [root@mysql ~]$vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree vg0 1 2 0 wz--n- <10.00g <5.00g 格式化文件系統(tǒng)： [root@mysql ~]$mkfs.xfs /dev/vg0/mysqldata meta-data=/dev/vg0/mysqldata isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=131072 blks = sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1 = crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0 data = bsize=4096 blocks=524288, imaxpct=25 = sunit=0 swidth=0 blks naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1 log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2 = sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1 realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0 [root@mysql ~]$mkfs.xfs /dev/vg0/binlogs meta-data=/dev/vg0/binlogs isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=196608 blks = sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1 = crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0 data = bsize=4096 blocks=786432, imaxpct=25 = sunit=0 swidth=0 blks naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1 log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2 = sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1 realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0 [root@mysql ~]$ [root@mysql ~]$blkid /dev/sda1: UUID="07deeea1-2041-4e34-98ba-2529dfb30c32" TYPE="xfs" /dev/sda2: UUID="a7595dc1-7958-4728-954b-e8dcfb6bca3c" TYPE="xfs" /dev/sda3: UUID="3c26d76c-a6a6-4c40-90fd-c2a38520b674" TYPE="xfs" /dev/sda5: UUID="7f480b58-5216-4561-a933-43766aa0ff05" TYPE="swap" /dev/sda6: UUID="1dGdT7-kPEX-pLCH-id8y-0269-244Y-3hiJcW" TYPE="LVM2_member" /dev/sr0: UUID="2017-09-06-10-53-42-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos" /dev/loop0: UUID="2017-09-06-10-53-42-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos" /dev/mapper/vg0-mysqldata: UUID="6f9f0f27-dba5-4479-adb6-532362d80d38" TYPE="xfs" /dev/mapper/vg0-binlogs: UUID="150de97a-7a76-465e-9d6a-1357600fa152" TYPE="xfs"
提供數(shù)據(jù)目錄，掛載：
[root@mysql ~]$mkdir /data/{mysqldata,binlogs} -pv
mkdir: created directory ‘/data’
mkdir: created directory ‘/data/mysqldata’
mkdir: created directory ‘/data/binlogs’
[root@mysql ~]$ll /data/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Feb 25 10:07 binlogs
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Feb 25 10:07 mysqldata
[root@mysql ~]$vim /etc/fstab
...
UUID=6f9f0f27-dba5-4479-adb6-532362d80d38 /data/mysqldata/ xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=150de97a-7a76-465e-9d6a-1357600fa152 /data/binlogs/ xfs defaults 0 0
[root@mysql ~]$mount -a
[root@mysql ~]$df -Ph
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 50G 3.5G 47G 7% /
devtmpfs 474M 0 474M 0% /dev
tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 489M 7.2M 482M 2% /run
tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda3 20G 33M 20G 1% /app
/dev/loop0 8.1G 8.1G 0 100% /mnt/cdrom
/dev/sda1 1014M 158M 857M 16% /boot
tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vg0-mysqldata 2.0G 33M 2.0G 2% /data/mysqldata
/dev/mapper/vg0-binlogs 3.0G 33M 3.0G 2% /data/binlogs
[root@mysql ~]$ll /data/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Feb 25 10:05 binlogs
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Feb 25 10:05 mysqldata
[root@mysql ~]$chown -R mysql.mysql /data/
[root@mysql ~]$ll /data/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 6 Feb 25 10:07 binlogs
drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 6 Feb 25 10:07 mysqldata
[root@mysql ~]$ll /data/ -d
drwxr-xr-x 4 mysql mysql 38 Feb 25 10:07 /data/提供數(shù)據(jù)：
vim /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] #datadir=/var/lib/mysql datadir=/data/mysqldata/ socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock # Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks symbolic-links=0 log_bin=/data/binlogs/mysql-bin innodb_file_per_table [root@mysql ~]$ll /data/ -d drwxr-xr-x 4 mysql mysql 38 Feb 25 10:07 /data/ [root@mysql ~]$ll /data/ total 0 drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 101 Feb 25 10:17 binlogs drwxr-xr-x 5 mysql mysql 159 Feb 25 10:17 mysqldata [root@mysql ~]$ll /data/mysqldata/ total 36892 -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 16384 Feb 25 10:17 aria_log.00000001 -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 52 Feb 25 10:17 aria_log_control -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 18874368 Feb 25 10:17 ibdata1 -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 5242880 Feb 25 10:17 ib_logfile0 -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 5242880 Feb 25 10:17 ib_logfile1 drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Feb 25 10:17 mysql drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Feb 25 10:17 performance_schema drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 6 Feb 25 10:17 test [root@mysql ~]$ll /data/binlogs/ total 1056 -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 30331 Feb 25 10:17 mysql-bin.000001 -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 1038814 Feb 25 10:17 mysql-bin.000002 -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 245 Feb 25 10:17 mysql-bin.000003 -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 93 Feb 25 10:17 mysql-bin.index [root@mysql ~]$mysql < hellodb_InnoDB.sql MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | hellodb | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show binary logs; +------------------+-----------+ | Log_name | File_size | +------------------+-----------+ | mysql-bin.000001 | 30331 | | mysql-bin.000002 | 1038814 | | mysql-bin.000003 | 7655 | +------------------+-----------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 開始備份之前，需要先加全局讀鎖； MariaDB [(none)]> flush tables with read lock; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
刷新日志，記錄二進(jìn)制日志的位置：
MariaDB [(none)]> flush logs; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show binary logs; +------------------+-----------+ | Log_name | File_size | +------------------+-----------+ | mysql-bin.000001 | 30331 | | mysql-bin.000002 | 1038814 | | mysql-bin.000003 | 7698 | | mysql-bin.000004 | 245 | +------------------+-----------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) 記錄二進(jìn)制日志的位置： [root@mysql ~]$mysql -e 'show binary logs' +------------------+-----------+ | Log_name | File_size | +------------------+-----------+ | mysql-bin.000001 | 30331 | | mysql-bin.000002 | 1038814 | | mysql-bin.000003 | 7698 | | mysql-bin.000004 | 245 | +------------------+-----------+ [root@mysql ~]$mysql -e 'show binary logs' > pos.log
使用lv創(chuàng)建數(shù)據(jù)庫快照：
[root@mysql ~]$lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert binlogs vg0 -wi-ao---- 3.00g mysqldata vg0 -wi-ao---- 2.00g [root@mysql ~]$lvcreate -n mysqldata-snapshot -s -p r -L 2G /dev/vg0/mysqldata Using default stripesize 64.00 KiB. Logical volume "mysqldata-snapshot" created. [root@mysql ~]$lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert binlogs vg0 -wi-ao---- 3.00g mysqldata vg0 owi-aos--- 2.00g mysqldata-snapshot vg0 sri-a-s--- 2.00g mysqldata 0.00 [root@mysql ~]$lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/vg0/mysqldata-snapshot LV Name mysqldata-snapshot VG Name vg0 LV UUID oQZBaU-IEld-M2wc-IQHo-A8nH-e53J-SrRujn LV Write Access read only LV Creation host, time mysql, 2018-02-25 10:25:18 +0800 LV snapshot status active destination for mysqldata LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 2.00 GiB Current LE 512 COW-table size 2.00 GiB COW-table LE 512 Allocated to snapshot 0.00% Snapshot chunk size 4.00 KiB Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 8192 Block device 253:4 當(dāng)做完快照后，那么就可以繼續(xù)讓用戶訪問數(shù)據(jù)庫了； MariaDB [(none)]> unlock tables; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) 修改和破壞操作； MariaDB [(none)]> delete from hellodb.students; Query OK, 25 rows affected (0.01 sec)
掛載快照，將數(shù)據(jù)備份出來； 直接掛載是掛載不了的，因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)設(shè)備文件的UUID是一樣的； /dev/mapper/vg0-mysqldata: UUID="6f9f0f27-dba5-4479-adb6-532362d80d38" TYPE="xfs" /dev/mapper/vg0-binlogs: UUID="150de97a-7a76-465e-9d6a-1357600fa152" TYPE="xfs" /dev/mapper/vg0-mysqldata--snapshot: UUID="6f9f0f27-dba5-4479-adb6-532362d80d38" TYPE="xfs" [root@mysql ~]$man mount nouuid Don''t check for double mounted file systems using the file system uuid. This is useful to mount LVM snapshot vol‐ umes, and often used in combination with "norecovery" for mounting read-only snapshots. [root@mysql ~]$mkdir /mnt/snap [root@mysql ~]$mount -o nouuid,norecovery /dev/vg0/mysqldata-snapshot /mnt/snap/ mount: /dev/mapper/vg0-mysqldata--snapshot is write-protected, mounting read-only [root@mysql ~]$df -Ph Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 50G 3.4G 47G 7% / devtmpfs 474M 0 474M 0% /dev tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 489M 7.2M 482M 2% /run tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda3 20G 33M 20G 1% /app /dev/loop0 8.1G 8.1G 0 100% /mnt/cdrom /dev/sda1 1014M 158M 857M 16% /boot tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0 /dev/mapper/vg0-mysqldata 2.0G 63M 2.0G 4% /data/mysqldata /dev/mapper/vg0-binlogs 3.0G 34M 3.0G 2% /data/binlogs /dev/mapper/vg0-mysqldata--snapshot 2.0G 31M 2.0G 2% /mnt/snap 建議打包，放在遠(yuǎn)程存儲(chǔ)上；有些企業(yè)使用磁帶機(jī)進(jìn)行備份； [root@mysql ~]$mkdir /backups [root@mysql ~]$cd /mnt/snap/ [root@mysql snap]$ls aria_log.00000001 aria_log_control hellodb ibdata1 ib_logfile0 ib_logfile1 mysql performance_schema test [root@mysql snap]$cp -a /mnt/snap/* /backups/ [root@mysql snap]$ll /backups/ -h total 29M -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 16K Feb 25 10:17 aria_log.00000001 -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 52 Feb 25 10:17 aria_log_control drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 272 Feb 25 10:19 hellodb -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 18M Feb 25 10:19 ibdata1 -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 5.0M Feb 25 10:19 ib_logfile0 -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 5.0M Feb 25 10:17 ib_logfile1 drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4.0K Feb 25 10:17 mysql drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4.0K Feb 25 10:17 performance_schema drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 6 Feb 25 10:17 test 刪除快照，否則影響性能； [root@mysql snap]$umount /mnt/snap/ umount: /mnt/snap: target is busy. (In some cases useful info about processes that use the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1)) [root@mysql snap]$cd [root@mysql ~]$umount /mnt/snap/ [root@mysql ~]$lvremove /dev/vg0/mysqldata-snapshot Do you really want to remove active logical volume vg0/mysqldata-snapshot? [y/n]: y Logical volume "mysqldata-snapshot" successfully removed
數(shù)據(jù)庫出現(xiàn)故障的模擬：
需要停止數(shù)據(jù)庫服務(wù)；
[root@mysql ~]$systemctl stop mariadb
[root@mysql ~]$rm -rf /data/mysqldata/*
數(shù)據(jù)庫的還原操作：
[root@mysql ~]$cp -a /backups/* /data/mysqldata/
[root@mysql ~]$systemctl start mariadb
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
MariaDB [(none)]> show master logs;
+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 30331 |
| mysql-bin.000002 | 1038814 |
| mysql-bin.000003 | 7698 |
| mysql-bin.000004 | 442 |
| mysql-bin.000005 | 245 |
+------------------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
此時(shí)只是恢復(fù)了一部分的數(shù)據(jù)，但是不是最新的，要想恢復(fù)至最新狀態(tài)，那么需要使用
mysql-bin.000004 245和mysql-bin.000005 245之間的二進(jìn)制完成恢復(fù)；
[root@mysql ~]$ls
all_2018-02-24_21:46:13.sql anaconda-ks.cfg hellodb_InnoDB.sql mariadb-bin.000010 r7.sh
all.sql binlog.sql initial-setup-ks.cfg pos.log
[root@mysql ~]$less pos.log
Log_name File_size
mysql-bin.000001 30331
mysql-bin.000002 1038814
mysql-bin.000003 7698
mysql-bin.000004 245
[root@mysql ~]$cd /data/binlogs/
[root@mysql binlogs]$ls
mysql-bin.000001 mysql-bin.000002 mysql-bin.000003 mysql-bin.000004 mysql-bin.000005 mysql-bin.index
[root@mysql binlogs]$cp -a mysql-bin.00000{4,5} ~
MariaDB [(none)]> flush tables with read lock;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
[root@mysql ~]$mysqlbinlog --start-position=245 mysql-bin.000004 > binlog.sql
[root@mysql ~]$mysqlbinlog mysql-bin.000005 >> binlog.sql
MariaDB [(none)]> set sql_log_bin=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> unlock tables;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> source binlog.sql
此時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)students表是空的；
MariaDB [(none)]> select * from hellodb.students;注意： MySQLdump 的備份是溫備； 他的效率也不是特別的高，因?yàn)樗膫浞菔窍喈?dāng)于對(duì)MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行的查詢操作的結(jié)果； 如果是T級(jí)別的數(shù)據(jù)庫，那么查詢備份就需要大量的時(shí)間。
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