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這篇文章主要介紹了python中遺傳算法的示例分析,具有一定借鑒價(jià)值,感興趣的朋友可以參考下,希望大家閱讀完這篇文章之后大有收獲,下面讓小編帶著大家一起了解一下。
具體內(nèi)容如下
1、基本概念
遺傳算法(GA)是最早由美國(guó)Holland教授提出的一種基于自然界的“適者生存,優(yōu)勝劣汰”基本法則的智能搜索算法。該法則很好地詮釋了生物進(jìn)化的自然選擇過程。遺傳算法也是借鑒該基本法則,通過基于種群的思想,將問題的解通過編碼的方式轉(zhuǎn)化為種群中的個(gè)體,并讓這些個(gè)體不斷地通過選擇、交叉和變異算子模擬生物的進(jìn)化過程,然后利用“優(yōu)勝劣汰”法則選擇種群中適應(yīng)性較強(qiáng)的個(gè)體構(gòu)成子種群,然后讓子種群重復(fù)類似的進(jìn)化過程,直到找到問題的最優(yōu)解或者到達(dá)一定的進(jìn)化(運(yùn)算)時(shí)間。
Ga算法中的幾個(gè)重要名詞概念。
個(gè)體(染色體):自然界中一個(gè)個(gè)體(染色體)代表一個(gè)生物,在GA算法中,個(gè)體(染色體)代表了具體問題的一個(gè)解。
基因:在GA算法中,基因代表了具體問題解的一個(gè)決策變量,問題解和染色體中基因的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系如下所示:
種群:多個(gè)個(gè)體即組成一個(gè)種群。GA算法中,一個(gè)問題的多組解即構(gòu)成了問題的解的種群。
2、主要步驟
GA算法的基本步驟如下:
Step 1. 種群初始化。選擇一種編碼方案然后在解空間內(nèi)通過隨機(jī)生成的方式初始化一定數(shù)量的個(gè)體構(gòu)成GA的種群。
Step 2. 評(píng)估種群。利用啟發(fā)式算法對(duì)種群中的個(gè)體(矩形件的排入順序)生成排樣圖并依此計(jì)算個(gè)體的適應(yīng)函數(shù)值(利用率),然后保存當(dāng)前種群中的最優(yōu)個(gè)體作為搜索到的最優(yōu)解。
Step 3. 選擇操作。根據(jù)種群中個(gè)體的適應(yīng)度的大小,通過輪盤賭或者期望值方法,將適應(yīng)度高的個(gè)體從當(dāng)前種群中選擇出來。
Step 4. 交叉操作。將上一步驟選擇的個(gè)體,用一定的概率閥值Pc控制是否利用單點(diǎn)交叉、多點(diǎn)交叉或者其他交叉方式生成新的交叉?zhèn)€體。
Step 5. 變異操作。用一定的概率閥值Pm控制是否對(duì)個(gè)體的部分基因執(zhí)行單點(diǎn)變異或多點(diǎn)變異。
Step 6. 終止判斷。若滿足終止條件,則終止算法,否則返回Step 2。
流程圖如下所示:
3、主要操作介紹
3.1 種群初始化
種群的初始化和具體的問題有關(guān)。比如一個(gè)問題有n個(gè)決策變量{x1,x2,…,xn}。每個(gè)決策變量有取值范圍:下界{L1,L2,…,Ln}和上界{U1,U2,…,Un},則種群中個(gè)體的初始化即隨機(jī)地在決策變量的取值范圍內(nèi)生成各個(gè)決策變量的值:Xj={x1,x2,...,xn},其中xi屬于范圍(Li,Ui)內(nèi)。所有的個(gè)體即構(gòu)成種群。當(dāng)每個(gè)個(gè)體都初始化后,即種群完成初始化。
3.2 評(píng)價(jià)種群
種群的評(píng)價(jià)即計(jì)算種群中個(gè)體的適應(yīng)度值。假設(shè)種群population有popsize個(gè)個(gè)體。依次計(jì)算每個(gè)個(gè)體的適應(yīng)度值及評(píng)價(jià)種群。
3.3 選擇操作
GA算法中常見的選擇操作有輪盤賭方式:種群中適應(yīng)度值更優(yōu)的個(gè)體被選擇的概率越大。假設(shè)popsize=4,按照如下表達(dá)式計(jì)算各個(gè)個(gè)體的被選擇概率的大小,然后用圓餅圖表示如下。
P(Xj) = fit(Xj)/(fit(X1)+fit(X2)+fit(X3)+fit(X4)),j=1,2,3,4
當(dāng)依據(jù)輪盤賭方式進(jìn)行選擇時(shí),則概率越大的越容易被選擇到。
3.4 交叉操作
交叉操作也有許多種:?jiǎn)吸c(diǎn)交叉,兩點(diǎn)交叉等。此處僅講解一下兩點(diǎn)交叉。首先利用選擇操作從種群中選擇兩個(gè)父輩個(gè)體parent1和parent2,然后隨機(jī)產(chǎn)生兩個(gè)位置pos1和pos2,將這兩個(gè)位置中間的基因位信息進(jìn)行交換,便得到下圖所示的off1和off2兩個(gè)個(gè)體,但是這兩個(gè)個(gè)體中一般會(huì)存在基因位信息沖突的現(xiàn)象(整數(shù)編碼時(shí)),此時(shí)需要對(duì)off1和off2個(gè)體進(jìn)行調(diào)整:off1中的沖突基因根據(jù)parent1中的基因調(diào)整為parent2中的相同位置處的基因。如off1中的“1”出現(xiàn)了兩次,則第二處的“1”需要調(diào)整為parent1中“1”對(duì)應(yīng)的parent2中的“4”,依次類推處理off1中的相沖突的基因。需要注意的是,調(diào)整off2,則需要參考parent2。
3.5 變異操作
變異操作的話,根據(jù)不同的編碼方式有不同的變異操作。
如果是浮點(diǎn)數(shù)編碼,則變異可以就染色體中間的某一個(gè)基因位的信息進(jìn)行變異(重新生成或者其他調(diào)整方案)。
如果是采用整數(shù)編碼方案,則一般有多種變異方法:位置變異和符號(hào)變異。
位置變異:
符號(hào)變異:
4、Python代碼
#-*- coding:utf-8 -*- import random import math from operator import itemgetter class Gene: ''''' This is a class to represent individual(Gene) in GA algorithom each object of this class have two attribute: data, size ''' def __init__(self,**data): self.__dict__.update(data) self.size = len(data['data'])#length of gene class GA: ''''' This is a class of GA algorithm. ''' def __init__(self,parameter): ''''' Initialize the pop of GA algorithom and evaluate the pop by computing its' fitness value . The data structure of pop is composed of several individuals which has the form like that: {'Gene':a object of class Gene, 'fitness': 1.02(for example)} Representation of Gene is a list: [b s0 u0 sita0 s1 u1 sita1 s2 u2 sita2] ''' #parameter = [CXPB, MUTPB, NGEN, popsize, low, up] self.parameter = parameter low = self.parameter[4] up = self.parameter[5] self.bound = [] self.bound.append(low) self.bound.append(up) pop = [] for i in range(self.parameter[3]): geneinfo = [] for pos in range(len(low)): geneinfo.append(random.uniform(self.bound[0][pos], self.bound[1][pos]))#initialise popluation fitness = evaluate(geneinfo)#evaluate each chromosome pop.append({'Gene':Gene(data = geneinfo), 'fitness':fitness})#store the chromosome and its fitness self.pop = pop self.bestindividual = self.selectBest(self.pop)#store the best chromosome in the population def selectBest(self, pop): ''''' select the best individual from pop ''' s_inds = sorted(pop, key = itemgetter("fitness"), reverse = False) return s_inds[0] def selection(self, individuals, k): ''''' select two individuals from pop ''' s_inds = sorted(individuals, key = itemgetter("fitness"), reverse=True)#sort the pop by the reference of 1/fitness sum_fits = sum(1/ind['fitness'] for ind in individuals) #sum up the 1/fitness of the whole pop chosen = [] for i in xrange(k): u = random.random() * sum_fits#randomly produce a num in the range of [0, sum_fits] sum_ = 0 for ind in s_inds: sum_ += 1/ind['fitness']#sum up the 1/fitness if sum_ > u: #when the sum of 1/fitness is bigger than u, choose the one, which means u is in the range of [sum(1,2,...,n-1),sum(1,2,...,n)] and is time to choose the one ,namely n-th individual in the pop chosen.append(ind) break return chosen def crossoperate(self, offspring): ''''' cross operation ''' dim = len(offspring[0]['Gene'].data) geninfo1 = offspring[0]['Gene'].data#Gene's data of first offspring chosen from the selected pop geninfo2 = offspring[1]['Gene'].data#Gene's data of second offspring chosen from the selected pop pos1 = random.randrange(1,dim)#select a position in the range from 0 to dim-1, pos2 = random.randrange(1,dim) newoff = Gene(data = [])#offspring produced by cross operation temp = [] for i in range(dim): if (i >= min(pos1,pos2) and i <= max(pos1,pos2)): temp.append(geninfo2[i]) #the gene data of offspring produced by cross operation is from the second offspring in the range [min(pos1,pos2),max(pos1,pos2)] else: temp.append(geninfo1[i]) #the gene data of offspring produced by cross operation is from the frist offspring in the range [min(pos1,pos2),max(pos1,pos2)] newoff.data = temp return newoff def mutation(self, crossoff, bound): ''''' mutation operation ''' dim = len(crossoff.data) pos = random.randrange(1,dim)#chose a position in crossoff to perform mutation. crossoff.data[pos] = random.uniform(bound[0][pos],bound[1][pos]) return crossoff def GA_main(self): ''''' main frame work of GA ''' popsize = self.parameter[3] print("Start of evolution") # Begin the evolution for g in range(NGEN): print("-- Generation %i --" % g) #Apply selection based on their converted fitness selectpop = self.selection(self.pop, popsize) nextoff = [] while len(nextoff) != popsize: # Apply crossover and mutation on the offspring # Select two individuals offspring = [random.choice(selectpop) for i in xrange(2)] if random.random() < CXPB: # cross two individuals with probability CXPB crossoff = self.crossoperate(offspring) fit_crossoff = evaluate(self.xydata, crossoff.data)# Evaluate the individuals if random.random() < MUTPB: # mutate an individual with probability MUTPB muteoff = self.mutation(crossoff,self.bound) fit_muteoff = evaluate(self.xydata, muteoff.data)# Evaluate the individuals nextoff.append({'Gene':muteoff,'fitness':fit_muteoff}) # The population is entirely replaced by the offspring self.pop = nextoff # Gather all the fitnesses in one list and print the stats fits = [ind['fitness'] for ind in self.pop] length = len(self.pop) mean = sum(fits) / length sum2 = sum(x*x for x in fits) std = abs(sum2 / length - mean**2)**0.5 best_ind = self.selectBest(self.pop) if best_ind['fitness'] < self.bestindividual['fitness']: self.bestindividual = best_ind print("Best individual found is %s, %s" % (self.bestindividual['Gene'].data,self.bestindividual['fitness'])) print(" Min fitness of current pop: %s" % min(fits)) print(" Max fitness of current pop: %s" % max(fits)) print(" Avg fitness of current pop: %s" % mean) print(" Std of currrent pop: %s" % std) print("-- End of (successful) evolution --") if __name__ == "__main__": CXPB, MUTPB, NGEN, popsize = 0.8, 0.3, 50, 100#control parameters up = [64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64]#upper range for variables low = [-64, -64, -64, -64, -64, -64, -64, -64, -64, -64]#lower range for variables parameter = [CXPB, MUTPB, NGEN, popsize, low, up] run = GA(parameter) run.GA_main()
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