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Flask與Django用戶認(rèn)證與授權(quán)框架集成

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2024-11-14 18:14:10 來(lái)源:億速云 閱讀:78 作者:小樊 欄目:編程語(yǔ)言

Flask和Django都是流行的Python Web框架,它們都提供了內(nèi)置的用戶認(rèn)證和授權(quán)系統(tǒng)。下面是如何在這兩個(gè)框架中集成用戶認(rèn)證與授權(quán)框架的簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明。

Flask

Flask是一個(gè)輕量級(jí)的Web框架,使用Flask-Login和Flask-Security等擴(kuò)展來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)用戶認(rèn)證和授權(quán)。

安裝擴(kuò)展

首先,安裝所需的擴(kuò)展:

pip install flask-login flask-sqlalchemy flask-bcrypt

配置Flask-Login

  1. 導(dǎo)入并初始化Flask-Login:

    from flask_login import LoginManager
    
    login_manager = LoginManager()
    login_manager.init_app(app)
    
  2. 定義用戶模型:

    from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
    from flask_bcrypt import Bcrypt
    from flask_login import UserMixin
    
    db = SQLAlchemy()
    bcrypt = Bcrypt()
    
    class User(UserMixin, db.Model):
        id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
        username = db.Column(db.String(20), unique=True, nullable=False)
        email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
        password = db.Column(db.String(60), nullable=False)
    
  3. 配置Flask-Login:

    login_manager.login_view = 'auth.login'
    
  4. 創(chuàng)建登錄和注銷(xiāo)視圖:

    from flask import render_template, redirect, url_for, flash
    from flask_login import login_user, logout_user, login_required
    from .models import User
    
    @login_manager.user_loader
    def load_user(user_id):
        return User.query.get(int(user_id))
    
    @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
    def login():
        if current_user.is_authenticated:
            return redirect(url_for('home'))
        form = LoginForm()
        if form.validate_on_submit():
            user = User.query.filter_by(username=form.username.data).first()
            if user and bcrypt.check_password_hash(user.password, form.password.data):
                login_user(user)
                return redirect(url_for('home'))
            else:
                flash('Invalid username or password')
        return render_template('auth/login.html', title='Login', form=form)
    
    @app.route('/logout')
    @login_required
    def logout():
        logout_user()
        return redirect(url_for('home'))
    

配置Flask-Security

Flask-Security提供了更高級(jí)的用戶認(rèn)證和授權(quán)功能。以下是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的示例:

  1. 安裝Flask-Security:

    pip install flask-security
    
  2. 配置Flask-Security:

    from flask_security import Security, SQLAlchemyUserDatastore, UserMixin, RoleMixin, login_required
    from flask import render_template
    
    roles_users = db.Table('roles_users',
        db.Column('user_id', db.Integer(), db.ForeignKey('user.id')),
        db.Column('role_id', db.Integer(), db.ForeignKey('role.id')))
    
    class Role(db.Model, RoleMixin):
        id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = db.Column(db.String(80), unique=True)
        description = db.Column(db.String(255))
    
    class User(db.Model, UserMixin):
        id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
        email = db.Column(db.String(255), unique=True)
        password = db.Column(db.String(255), nullable=False)
        active = db.Column(db.Boolean())
        confirmed_at = db.Column(db.DateTime())
        roles = db.relationship('Role', secondary=roles_users, backref=db.backref('users', lazy='dynamic'))
    
    user_datastore = SQLAlchemyUserDatastore(db, User, Role)
    security = Security(app, user_datastore)
    
    @app.route('/')
    @login_required
    def home():
        return render_template('home.html', title='Home')
    

Django

Django是一個(gè)高級(jí)的Web框架,內(nèi)置了強(qiáng)大的用戶認(rèn)證和授權(quán)系統(tǒng)。

配置用戶認(rèn)證

  1. settings.py中啟用認(rèn)證系統(tǒng):

    INSTALLED_APPS = [
        ...
        'django.contrib.auth',
        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
        'django.contrib.sessions',
        'django.contrib.messages',
        'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    ]
    
    MIDDLEWARE = [
        ...
        'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
        'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
        'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    ]
    
  2. 創(chuàng)建用戶模型(可選):

    from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
    
    class CustomUser(AbstractUser):
        # 添加自定義字段
        pass
    
  3. 更新settings.py以使用自定義用戶模型:

    AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'yourapp.CustomUser'
    

創(chuàng)建視圖

  1. 創(chuàng)建登錄視圖:

    from django.contrib.auth import login
    from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
    from django.contrib.auth.forms import AuthenticationForm
    
    def login_view(request):
        if request.method == 'POST':
            form = AuthenticationForm(request, data=request.POST)
            if form.is_valid():
                user = form.get_user()
                login(request, user)
                return redirect('home')
        else:
            form = AuthenticationForm()
        return render(request, 'auth/login.html', {'form': form})
    
  2. 創(chuàng)建注銷(xiāo)視圖:

    from django.contrib.auth import logout
    
    def logout_view(request):
        logout(request)
        return redirect('home')
    
  3. 創(chuàng)建主頁(yè)視圖(需要登錄):

    from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
    
    @login_required
    def home_view(request):
        return render(request, 'home.html', {'title': 'Home'})
    

配置URL

urls.py中配置路由:

from django.urls import path
from .views import login_view, logout_view, home_view

urlpatterns = [
    path('login/', login_view, name='login'),
    path('logout/', logout_view, name='logout'),
    path('', home_view, name='home'),
]

總結(jié)

Flask和Django都提供了強(qiáng)大的用戶認(rèn)證和授權(quán)系統(tǒng)。Flask使用擴(kuò)展如Flask-Login和Flask-Security來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)這些功能,而Django則內(nèi)置了這些功能。根據(jù)項(xiàng)目需求和個(gè)人喜好選擇合適的框架和擴(kuò)展。

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