Linux中透明大頁(yè)機(jī)制的示例分析

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透明大頁(yè)介紹

Transparent Huge Pages的一些官方介紹資料：

Transparent Huge Pages (THP) are enabled by default in RHEL 6 for all applications. The kernel attempts to allocate hugepages whenever possible and any Linux process will receive 2MB pages if the mmap region is 2MB naturally aligned. The main kernel address space itself is mapped with hugepages, reducing TLB pressure from kernel code. For general information on Hugepages, see: What are Huge Pages and what are the advantages of using them?

The kernel will always attempt to satisfy a memory allocation using hugepages. If no hugepages are available (due to non availability of physically continuous memory for example) the kernel will fall back to the regular 4KB pages. THP are also swappable (unlike hugetlbfs). This is achieved by breaking the huge page to smaller 4KB pages, which are then swapped out normally.

But to use hugepages effectively, the kernel must find physically continuous areas of memory big enough to satisfy the request, and also properly aligned. For this, a khugepaged kernel thread has been added. This thread will occasionally attempt to substitute smaller pages being used currently with a hugepage allocation, thus maximizing THP usage.

In userland, no modifications to the applications are necessary (hence transparent). But there are ways to optimize its use. For applications that want to use hugepages, use of posix_memalign() can also help ensure that large allocations are aligned to huge page (2MB) boundaries.

Also, THP is only enabled for anonymous memory regions. There are plans to add support for tmpfs and page cache. THP tunables are found in the /sys tree under /sys/kernel/mm/redhat_transparent_hugepage.

查看是否啟用透明大頁(yè)

1：命令cat /sys/kernel/mm/redhat_transparent_hugepage/enabled 該命令適用于Red Hat Enterprise Linux系統(tǒng)

[root@getlnx06 ~]# more /etc/issue
 
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 6.6 (Santiago)
 
Kernel \r on an \m
 
[root@getlnx06 ~]# cat /sys/kernel/mm/redhat_transparent_hugepage/enabled
 
[always] madvise never

2：命令cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled 該命令適用于其它Linux系統(tǒng)

[root@getlnx06 ~]# cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
 
always madvise [never]
 
[root@getlnx06 ~]#

使用命令查看時(shí)，如果輸出結(jié)果為[always]表示透明大頁(yè)啟用了。[never]表示透明大頁(yè)禁用、[madvise]表示（只在MADV_HUGEPAGE標(biāo)志的VMA中使用THP

3：如何HugePages_Total返回0，也意味著標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大頁(yè)禁用了（注意傳統(tǒng)/標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大頁(yè)和透明大頁(yè)的區(qū)別）

透明大頁(yè)（THP）管理和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)/傳統(tǒng)大頁(yè)（HP)管理都是操作系統(tǒng)為了減少頁(yè)表轉(zhuǎn)換消耗的資源而發(fā)布的新特性，雖然ORACLE建議利用大頁(yè)機(jī)制來(lái)提高數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的性能，但是ORACLE卻同時(shí)建議關(guān)閉透明大頁(yè)管理。這二者的區(qū)別在于大頁(yè)的分配機(jī)制，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大頁(yè)管理是預(yù)分配的方式，而透明大頁(yè)管理則是動(dòng)態(tài)分配的方式。

[root@getlnx06 ~]# grep -i HugePages_Total /proc/meminfo 
 
HugePages_Total: 0

4：cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages返回0也意味著傳統(tǒng)大頁(yè)禁用了（傳統(tǒng)大頁(yè)和透明大頁(yè)）。

[root@getlnx06 ~]# cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages 
 
0

禁用、啟用透明大頁(yè)功能

方法1：設(shè)置/etc/grub.conf文件，在系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)是禁用。

[root@getlnx06 ~]# vi /etc/grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE:  You have a /boot partition.  This means that
#          all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
#          root (hd0,0)
#          kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/VolGroup--LogVol0-LogVol01
#          initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5

方法2：設(shè)置/etc/rc.local文件

[root@getlnx06 ~]# vi /etc/rc.local
#!/bin/sh
#
# This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.
# You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't
# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.
 
touch /var/lock/subsys/local
 
if test -f /sys/kernel/mm/redhat_transparent_hugepage/enabled; then
   echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/redhat_transparent_hugepage/enabled
fi

使用上面的配置后必須重啟操作系統(tǒng)才能生效，你也可以運(yùn)行下面命令不用重啟操作系統(tǒng)。

You must reboot your system for the setting to take effect, or run the following two echo lines to proceed with the install without rebooting:

[root@getlnx06 ~]# echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/redhat_transparent_hugepage/enabled
[root@getlnx06 ~]# cat /sys/kernel/mm/redhat_transparent_hugepage/enabled
always madvise [never]
[root@getlnx06 ~]#

小知識(shí)點(diǎn)：

1：從RedHat 6, OEL 6, SLES 11 and UEK2 kernels 開(kāi)始，系統(tǒng)缺省會(huì)啟用 Transparent HugePages ：用來(lái)提高內(nèi)存管理的性能透明大頁(yè)（Transparent HugePages ）和之前版本中的大頁(yè)功能上類(lèi)似。主要的區(qū)別是：Transparent HugePages 可以實(shí)時(shí)配置，不需要重啟才能生效配置；

2：Transparent Huge Pages在32位的RHEL 6中是不支持的。

Transparent Huge Pages are not available on the 32-bit version of RHEL 6.

3： ORACLE官方不建議我們使用RedHat 6, OEL 6, SLES 11 and UEK2 kernels 時(shí)的開(kāi)啟透明大頁(yè)（Transparent HugePages ）， 因?yàn)橥该鞔箜?yè)（Transparent HugePages ） 存在一些問(wèn)題：

• 1.在RAC環(huán)境下 透明大頁(yè)（Transparent HugePages ）會(huì)導(dǎo)致異常節(jié)點(diǎn)重啟，和性能問(wèn)題；

• 2.在單機(jī)環(huán)境中，透明大頁(yè)（Transparent HugePages ） 也會(huì)導(dǎo)致一些異常的性能問(wèn)題；

Transparent HugePages memory is enabled by default with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11, and Oracle Linux 6 with earlier releases of Oracle Linux Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel 2 (UEK2) kernels. Transparent HugePages memory is disabled in later releases of Oracle Linux UEK2 kernels.Transparent HugePages can cause memory allocation delays during runtime. To avoid performance issues, Oracle recommends that you disable Transparent HugePages on all Oracle Database servers. Oracle recommends that you instead use standard HugePages for enhanced performance.Transparent HugePages memory differs from standard HugePages memory because the kernel khugepaged thread allocates memory dynamically during runtime. Standard HugePages memory is pre-allocated at startup, and does not change during runtime.

Starting with RedHat 6, OEL 6, SLES 11 and UEK2 kernels, Transparent HugePages are implemented and enabled (default) in an attempt to improve the memory management. Transparent HugePages are similar to the HugePages that have been available in previous Linux releases. The main difference is that the Transparent HugePages are set up dynamically at run time by the khugepaged thread in kernel while the regular HugePages had to be preallocated at the boot up time. Because Transparent HugePages are known to cause unexpected node reboots and performance problems with RAC, Oracle strongly advises to disable the use of Transparent HugePages. In addition, Transparent Hugepages may cause problems even in a single-instance database environment with unexpected performance problems or delays. As such, Oracle recommends disabling Transparent HugePages on all Database servers running Oracle.

4：安裝Vertica Analytic Database時(shí)也必須關(guān)閉透明大頁(yè)功能。

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