您好,登錄后才能下訂單哦!
本篇文章為大家展示了 MySQL中有哪些常見(jiàn)SQL錯(cuò)誤,內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)明扼要并且容易理解,絕對(duì)能使你眼前一亮,通過(guò)這篇文章的詳細(xì)介紹希望你能有所收獲。
常見(jiàn)SQL錯(cuò)誤用法
1. LIMIT 語(yǔ)句
分頁(yè)查詢是最常用的場(chǎng)景之一,但也通常也是最容易出問(wèn)題的地方。比如對(duì)于下面簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)句,一般DBA想到的辦法是在type, name, create_time字段上加組合索引。這樣條件排序都能有效的利用到索引,性能迅速提升。
SELECT * FROM operation WHERE type = 'SQLStats' AND name = 'SlowLog' ORDER BY create_time LIMIT 1000, 10;
好吧,可能90%以上的DBA解決該問(wèn)題就到此為止。但當(dāng) LIMIT 子句變成 “LIMIT 1000000,10” 時(shí),程序員仍然會(huì)抱怨:我只取10條記錄為什么還是慢?
要知道數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)也并不知道第1000000條記錄從什么地方開(kāi)始,即使有索引也需要從頭計(jì)算一次。出現(xiàn)這種性能問(wèn)題,多數(shù)情形下是程序員偷懶了。在前端數(shù)據(jù)瀏覽翻頁(yè),或者大數(shù)據(jù)分批導(dǎo)出等場(chǎng)景下,是可以將上一頁(yè)的***值當(dāng)成參數(shù)作為查詢條件的。SQL重新設(shè)計(jì)如下:
SELECT * FROM operation WHERE type = 'SQLStats' AND name = 'SlowLog' AND create_time > '2017-03-16 14:00:00' ORDER BY create_time limit 10;
在新設(shè)計(jì)下查詢時(shí)間基本固定,不會(huì)隨著數(shù)據(jù)量的增長(zhǎng)而發(fā)生變化。
2. 隱式轉(zhuǎn)換
SQL語(yǔ)句中查詢變量和字段定義類型不匹配是另一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。比如下面的語(yǔ)句:
mysql> explain extended SELECT * > FROM my_balance b > WHERE b.bpn = 14000000123 > AND b.isverified IS NULL ; mysql> show warnings;| Warning | 1739 | Cannot use ref access on index 'bpn' due to type or collation conversion on field 'bpn'
其中字段bpn的定義為varchar(20),MySQL的策略是將字符串轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)字之后再比較。函數(shù)作用于表字段,索引失效。
上述情況可能是應(yīng)用程序框架自動(dòng)填入的參數(shù),而不是程序員的原意。現(xiàn)在應(yīng)用框架很多很繁雜,使用方便的同時(shí)也小心它可能給自己挖坑。
3. 關(guān)聯(lián)更新、刪除
雖然MySQL5.6引入了物化特性,但需要特別注意它目前僅僅針對(duì)查詢語(yǔ)句的優(yōu)化。對(duì)于更新或刪除需要手工重寫成JOIN。
比如下面UPDATE語(yǔ)句,MySQL實(shí)際執(zhí)行的是循環(huán)/嵌套子查詢(DEPENDENT SUBQUERY),其執(zhí)行時(shí)間可想而知。
UPDATE operation o SET status = 'applying' WHERE o.id IN (SELECT id FROM (SELECT o.id, o.status FROM operation o WHERE o.group = 123 AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' ) ORDER BY o.parent, o.id LIMIT 1) t);
執(zhí)行計(jì)劃:
+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | o | index | | PRIMARY | 8 | | 24 | Using where; Using temporary | | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | | | | | | | | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables | | 3 | DERIVED | o | ref | idx_2,idx_5 | idx_5 | 8 | const | 1 | Using where; Using filesort | +----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
重寫為JOIN之后,子查詢的選擇模式從DEPENDENT SUBQUERY變成DERIVED,執(zhí)行速度大大加快,從7秒降低到2毫秒。
UPDATE operation o JOIN (SELECT o.id, o.status FROM operation o WHERE o.group = 123 AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' ) ORDER BY o.parent, o.id LIMIT 1) t ON o.id = t.id SET status = 'applying'
執(zhí)行計(jì)劃簡(jiǎn)化為:
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | | | | | | | | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables | | 2 | DERIVED | o | ref | idx_2,idx_5 | idx_5 | 8 | const | 1 | Using where; Using filesort | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
4. 混合排序
MySQL不能利用索引進(jìn)行混合排序。但在某些場(chǎng)景,還是有機(jī)會(huì)使用特殊方法提升性能的。
SELECT * FROM my_order o INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id ORDER BY a.is_reply ASC, a.appraise_time DESC LIMIT 0, 20
執(zhí)行計(jì)劃顯示為全表掃描:
+----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra +----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+ | 1 | SIMPLE | a | ALL | idx_orderid | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1967647 | Using filesort | | 1 | SIMPLE | o | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 122 | a.orderid | 1 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+-----------------+---------+-+
由于is_reply只有0和1兩種狀態(tài),我們按照下面的方法重寫后,執(zhí)行時(shí)間從1.58秒降低到2毫秒。
SELECT * FROM ((SELECT * FROM my_order o INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id AND is_reply = 0 ORDER BY appraise_time DESC LIMIT 0, 20) UNION ALL (SELECT * FROM my_order o INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id AND is_reply = 1 ORDER BY appraise_time DESC LIMIT 0, 20)) t ORDER BY is_reply ASC, appraisetime DESC LIMIT 20;
5. EXISTS語(yǔ)句
MySQL對(duì)待EXISTS子句時(shí),仍然采用嵌套子查詢的執(zhí)行方式。如下面的SQL語(yǔ)句:
SELECT * FROM my_neighbor n LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id AND sra.user_id = 'xxx' WHERE n.topic_status < 4 AND EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM message_info m WHERE n.id = m.neighbor_id AND m.inuser = 'xxx') AND n.topic_type <> 5
執(zhí)行計(jì)劃為:
+----+--------------------+-------+------+-----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+ | 1 | PRIMARY | n | ALL | | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1086041 | Using where | | 1 | PRIMARY | sra | ref | | idx_user_id | 123 | const | 1 | Using where | | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | m | ref | | idx_message_info | 122 | const | 1 | Using index condition; Using where | +----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+
去掉exists更改為join,能夠避免嵌套子查詢,將執(zhí)行時(shí)間從1.93秒降低為1毫秒。
SELECT * FROM my_neighbor n INNER JOIN message_info m ON n.id = m.neighbor_id AND m.inuser = 'xxx' LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id AND sra.user_id = 'xxx' WHERE n.topic_status < 4 AND n.topic_type <> 5
新的執(zhí)行計(jì)劃:
+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+ | 1 | SIMPLE | m | ref | | idx_message_info | 122 | const | 1 | Using index condition | | 1 | SIMPLE | n | eq_ref | | PRIMARY | 122 | ighbor_id | 1 | Using where | | 1 | SIMPLE | sra | ref | | idx_user_id | 123 | const | 1 | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+
6. 條件下推
外部查詢條件不能夠下推到復(fù)雜的視圖或子查詢的情況有:
聚合子查詢;
含有LIMIT的子查詢;
UNION 或UNION ALL子查詢;
輸出字段中的子查詢;
如下面的語(yǔ)句,從執(zhí)行計(jì)劃可以看出其條件作用于聚合子查詢之后:
SELECT * FROM (SELECT target, Count(*) FROM operation GROUP BY target) t WHERE target = 'rm-xxxx'
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | ref | <auto_key0> | <auto_key0> | 514 | const | 2 | Using where | | 2 | DERIVED | operation | index | idx_4 | idx_4 | 519 | NULL | 20 | Using index | +----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
確定從語(yǔ)義上查詢條件可以直接下推后,重寫如下:
SELECT target, Count(*) FROM operation WHERE target = 'rm-xxxx' GROUP BY target
執(zhí)行計(jì)劃變?yōu)椋?/p>
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | operation | ref | idx_4 | idx_4 | 514 | const | 1 | Using where; Using index | +----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+
關(guān)于MySQL外部條件不能下推的詳細(xì)解釋說(shuō)明請(qǐng)參考以前文章:MySQL · 性能優(yōu)化 · 條件下推到物化表
7. 提前縮小范圍
先上初始SQL語(yǔ)句:
SELECT * FROM my_order o LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u ON o.uid = u.uid LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p ON o.pid = p.pid WHERE ( o.display = 0 ) AND ( o.ostaus = 1 ) ORDER BY o.selltime DESC LIMIT 0, 15
該SQL語(yǔ)句原意是:先做一系列的左連接,然后排序取前15條記錄。從執(zhí)行計(jì)劃也可以看出,***一步估算排序記錄數(shù)為90萬(wàn),時(shí)間消耗為12秒。
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | o | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 909119 | Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort | | 1 | SIMPLE | u | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | o.uid | 1 | NULL | | 1 | SIMPLE | p | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 6 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) | +----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
由于***WHERE條件以及排序均針對(duì)最左主表,因此可以先對(duì)my_order排序提前縮小數(shù)據(jù)量再做左連接。SQL重寫后如下,執(zhí)行時(shí)間縮小為1毫秒左右。
SELECT * FROM ( SELECT * FROM my_order o WHERE ( o.display = 0 ) AND ( o.ostaus = 1 ) ORDER BY o.selltime DESC LIMIT 0, 15 ) o LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u ON o.uid = u.uid LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p ON o.pid = p.pid ORDER BY o.selltime DESC limit 0, 15
再檢查執(zhí)行計(jì)劃:子查詢物化后(select_type=DERIVED)參與JOIN。雖然估算行掃描仍然為90萬(wàn),但是利用了索引以及LIMIT 子句后,實(shí)際執(zhí)行時(shí)間變得很小。
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 15 | Using temporary; Using filesort | | 1 | PRIMARY | u | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | o.uid | 1 | NULL | | 1 | PRIMARY | p | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 6 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) | | 2 | DERIVED | o | index | NULL | idx_1 | 5 | NULL | 909112 | Using where | +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
8. 中間結(jié)果集下推
再來(lái)看下面這個(gè)已經(jīng)初步優(yōu)化過(guò)的例子(左連接中的主表優(yōu)先作用查詢條件):
SELECT a.*, c.allocated FROM ( SELECT resourceid FROM my_distribute d WHERE isdelete = 0 AND cusmanagercode = '1234567' ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a LEFT JOIN ( SELECT resourcesid, sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated FROM my_resources GROUP BY resourcesid) c ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid
那么該語(yǔ)句還存在其它問(wèn)題嗎?不難看出子查詢 c 是全表聚合查詢,在表數(shù)量特別大的情況下會(huì)導(dǎo)致整個(gè)語(yǔ)句的性能下降。
其實(shí)對(duì)于子查詢 c,左連接***結(jié)果集只關(guān)心能和主表resourceid能匹配的數(shù)據(jù)。因此我們可以重寫語(yǔ)句如下,執(zhí)行時(shí)間從原來(lái)的2秒下降到2毫秒。
SELECT a.*, c.allocated FROM ( SELECT resourceid FROM my_distribute d WHERE isdelete = 0 AND cusmanagercode = '1234567' ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a LEFT JOIN ( SELECT resourcesid, sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated FROM my_resources r, ( SELECT resourceid FROM my_distribute d WHERE isdelete = 0 AND cusmanagercode = '1234567' ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a WHERE r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid GROUP BY resourcesid) c ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid
但是子查詢 a 在我們的SQL語(yǔ)句中出現(xiàn)了多次。這種寫法不僅存在額外的開(kāi)銷,還使得整個(gè)語(yǔ)句顯的繁雜。使用WITH語(yǔ)句再次重寫:
WITH a AS ( SELECT resourceid FROM my_distribute d WHERE isdelete = 0 AND cusmanagercode = '1234567' ORDER BY salecode limit 20) SELECT a.*, c.allocated FROM a LEFT JOIN ( SELECT resourcesid, sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated FROM my_resources r, a WHERE r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid GROUP BY resourcesid) c ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid
總結(jié)
1.數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)編譯器產(chǎn)生執(zhí)行計(jì)劃,決定著SQL的實(shí)際執(zhí)行方式。但是編譯器只是盡力服務(wù),所有數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的編譯器都不是盡善盡美的。上述提到的多數(shù)場(chǎng)景,在其它數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中也存在性能問(wèn)題。了解數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)編譯器的特性,才能避規(guī)其短處,寫出高性能的SQL語(yǔ)句。
2.程序員在設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)模型以及編寫SQL語(yǔ)句時(shí),要把算法的思想或意識(shí)帶進(jìn)來(lái)。
3.編寫復(fù)雜SQL語(yǔ)句要養(yǎng)成使用WITH語(yǔ)句的習(xí)慣。簡(jiǎn)潔且思路清晰的SQL語(yǔ)句也能減小數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的負(fù)擔(dān) ^^。
上述內(nèi)容就是 MySQL中有哪些常見(jiàn)SQL錯(cuò)誤,你們學(xué)到知識(shí)或技能了嗎?如果還想學(xué)到更多技能或者豐富自己的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備,歡迎關(guān)注億速云行業(yè)資訊頻道。
免責(zé)聲明:本站發(fā)布的內(nèi)容(圖片、視頻和文字)以原創(chuàng)、轉(zhuǎn)載和分享為主,文章觀點(diǎn)不代表本網(wǎng)站立場(chǎng),如果涉及侵權(quán)請(qǐng)聯(lián)系站長(zhǎng)郵箱:is@yisu.com進(jìn)行舉報(bào),并提供相關(guān)證據(jù),一經(jīng)查實(shí),將立刻刪除涉嫌侵權(quán)內(nèi)容。