您好,登錄后才能下訂單哦!
如何用Python寫一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的Web框架,很多新手對(duì)此不是很清楚,為了幫助大家解決這個(gè)難題,下面小編將為大家詳細(xì)講解,有這方面需求的人可以來學(xué)習(xí)下,希望你能有所收獲。
一、概述
在Python中,WSGI(Web Server Gateway Interface)定義了Web服務(wù)器與Web應(yīng)用(或Web框架)之間的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)接口。在WSGI的規(guī)范下,各種各樣的Web服務(wù)器和Web框架都可以很好的交互。
由于WSGI的存在,用Python寫一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的Web框架也變得非常容易。然而,同很多其他的強(qiáng)大軟件一樣,要實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)功能豐富、健壯高效的Web框架并非易事;如果您打算這么做,可能使用一個(gè)現(xiàn)成的Web框架(如 Django、Tornado、web.py 等)會(huì)是更合適的選擇。
嘗試寫一個(gè)類似web.py的Web框架。好吧,我承認(rèn)我夸大其辭了:首先,web.py并不簡(jiǎn)單;其次,只重點(diǎn)實(shí)現(xiàn)了 URL調(diào)度(URL dispatch)部分。
二、從demo_app開始
首先,作為一個(gè)初步體驗(yàn),我們可以借助 wsgiref.simple_server 來搭建一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單無比(trivial)的Web應(yīng)用:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server, demo_app httpd = make_server('', 8086, demo_app) sa = httpd.socket.getsockname() print 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(*sa) # Respond to requests until process is killed httpd.serve_forever()
運(yùn)行腳本:
$ python code.py http://0.0.0.0:8086/
打開瀏覽器,輸入http://0.0.0.0:8086/后可以看到:一行”Hello world!” 和 眾多環(huán)境變量值。
三、WSGI中的application
WSGI中規(guī)定:application是一個(gè) 可調(diào)用對(duì)象(callable object),它接受 environ 和 start_response 兩個(gè)參數(shù),并返回一個(gè) 字符串迭代對(duì)象。
其中,可調(diào)用對(duì)象 包括 函數(shù)、方法、類 或者 具有__call__方法的 實(shí)例;environ 是一個(gè)字典對(duì)象,包括CGI風(fēng)格的環(huán)境變量(CGI-style environment variables)和 WSGI必需的變量(WSGI-required variables);start_response 是一個(gè)可調(diào)用對(duì)象,它接受兩個(gè) 常規(guī)參數(shù)(status,response_headers)和 一個(gè) 默認(rèn)參數(shù)(exc_info);字符串迭代對(duì)象 可以是 字符串列表、生成器函數(shù) 或者 具有__iter__方法的可迭代實(shí)例。更多細(xì)節(jié)參考 Specification Details。
The Application/Framework Side 中給出了一個(gè)典型的application實(shí)現(xiàn):
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """application.py""" def simple_app(environ, start_response): """Simplest possible application object""" status = '200 OK' response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')] start_response(status, response_headers) return ['Hello world!\n']
現(xiàn)在用simple_app來替換demo_app:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """code.py""" from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server from application import simple_app as app if __name__ == '__main__': httpd = make_server('', 8086, app) sa = httpd.socket.getsockname() print 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(*sa) # Respond to requests until process is killed httpd.serve_forever()
運(yùn)行腳本code.py后,訪問http://0.0.0.0:8086/就可以看到那行熟悉的句子:Hello world!
四、區(qū)分URL
倒騰了一陣子后,您會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)不管如何改變URL中的path部分,得到的響應(yīng)都是一樣的。因?yàn)閟imple_app只識(shí)別host+port部分。
為了對(duì)URL中的path部分進(jìn)行區(qū)分處理,需要修改application.py的實(shí)現(xiàn)。
首先,改用 類 來實(shí)現(xiàn)application:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """application.py""" class my_app: def __init__(self, environ, start_response): self.environ = environ self.start = start_response def __iter__(self): status = '200 OK' response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')] self.start(status, response_headers) yield "Hello world!\n"
然后,增加對(duì)URL中path部分的區(qū)分處理:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """application.py""" class my_app: def __init__(self, environ, start_response): self.environ = environ self.start = start_response def __iter__(self): path = self.environ['PATH_INFO'] if path == "/": return self.GET_index() elif path == "/hello": return self.GET_hello() else: return self.notfound() def GET_index(self): status = '200 OK' response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')] self.start(status, response_headers) yield "Welcome!\n" def GET_hello(self): status = '200 OK' response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')] self.start(status, response_headers) yield "Hello world!\n" def notfound(self): status = '404 Not Found' response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')] self.start(status, response_headers) yield "Not Found\n"
修改code.py中的from application import simple_app as app,用my_app來替換simple_app后即可體驗(yàn)效果。
五、重構(gòu)
上面的代碼雖然奏效,但是在編碼風(fēng)格和靈活性方面有很多問題,下面逐步對(duì)其進(jìn)行重構(gòu)。
1、正則匹配URL
消除URL硬編碼,增加URL調(diào)度的靈活性:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """application.py""" import re ##########修改點(diǎn) class my_app: urls = ( ("/", "index"), ("/hello/(.*)", "hello"), ) ##########修改點(diǎn) def __init__(self, environ, start_response): self.environ = environ self.start = start_response def __iter__(self): ##########修改點(diǎn) path = self.environ['PATH_INFO'] method = self.environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] for pattern, name in self.urls: m = re.match('^' + pattern + '$', path) if m: # pass the matched groups as arguments to the function args = m.groups() funcname = method.upper() + '_' + name if hasattr(self, funcname): func = getattr(self, funcname) return func(*args) return self.notfound() def GET_index(self): status = '200 OK' response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')] self.start(status, response_headers) yield "Welcome!\n" def GET_hello(self, name): ##########修改點(diǎn) status = '200 OK' response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')] self.start(status, response_headers) yield "Hello %s!\n" % name def notfound(self): status = '404 Not Found' response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')] self.start(status, response_headers) yield "Not Found\n"
2、DRY
消除GET_*方法中的重復(fù)代碼,并且允許它們返回字符串:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """application.py""" import re class my_app: urls = ( ("/", "index"), ("/hello/(.*)", "hello"), ) def __init__(self, environ, start_response): ##########修改點(diǎn) self.environ = environ self.start = start_response self.status = '200 OK' self._headers = [] def __iter__(self): ##########修改點(diǎn) result = self.delegate() self.start(self.status, self._headers) # 將返回值result(字符串 或者 字符串列表)轉(zhuǎn)換為迭代對(duì)象 if isinstance(result, basestring): return iter([result]) else: return iter(result) def delegate(self): ##########修改點(diǎn) path = self.environ['PATH_INFO'] method = self.environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] for pattern, name in self.urls: m = re.match('^' + pattern + '$', path) if m: # pass the matched groups as arguments to the function args = m.groups() funcname = method.upper() + '_' + name if hasattr(self, funcname): func = getattr(self, funcname) return func(*args) return self.notfound() def header(self, name, value): ##########修改點(diǎn) self._headers.append((name, value)) def GET_index(self): ##########修改點(diǎn) self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain') return "Welcome!\n" def GET_hello(self, name): ##########修改點(diǎn) self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain') return "Hello %s!\n" % name def notfound(self): ##########修改點(diǎn) self.status = '404 Not Found' self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain') return "Not Found\n"
3、抽象出框架
為了將類my_app抽象成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的框架,需要作出以下修改:
剝離出其中的具體處理細(xì)節(jié):urls配置 和 GET_*方法(改成在多個(gè)類中實(shí)現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的GET方法)
把方法header實(shí)現(xiàn)為類方法(classmethod),以方便外部作為功能函數(shù)調(diào)用
改用 具有__call__方法的 實(shí)例 來實(shí)現(xiàn)application
修改后的application.py(最終版本):
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """application.py""" import re class my_app: """my simple web framework""" headers = [] def __init__(self, urls=(), fvars={}): self._urls = urls self._fvars = fvars def __call__(self, environ, start_response): self._status = '200 OK' # 默認(rèn)狀態(tài)OK del self.headers[:] # 清空上一次的headers result = self._delegate(environ) start_response(self._status, self.headers) # 將返回值result(字符串 或者 字符串列表)轉(zhuǎn)換為迭代對(duì)象 if isinstance(result, basestring): return iter([result]) else: return iter(result) def _delegate(self, environ): path = environ['PATH_INFO'] method = environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] for pattern, name in self._urls: m = re.match('^' + pattern + '$', path) if m: # pass the matched groups as arguments to the function args = m.groups() funcname = method.upper() # 方法名大寫(如GET、POST) klass = self._fvars.get(name) # 根據(jù)字符串名稱查找類對(duì)象 if hasattr(klass, funcname): func = getattr(klass, funcname) return func(klass(), *args) return self._notfound() def _notfound(self): self._status = '404 Not Found' self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain') return "Not Found\n" @classmethod def header(cls, name, value): cls.headers.append((name, value))
對(duì)應(yīng)修改后的code.py(最終版本):
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """code.py""" from application import my_app urls = ( ("/", "index"), ("/hello/(.*)", "hello"), ) wsgiapp = my_app(urls, globals()) class index: def GET(self): my_app.header('Content-type', 'text/plain') return "Welcome!\n" class hello: def GET(self, name): my_app.header('Content-type', 'text/plain') return "Hello %s!\n" % name if __name__ == '__main__': from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server httpd = make_server('', 8086, wsgiapp) sa = httpd.socket.getsockname() print 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(*sa) # Respond to requests until process is killed httpd.serve_forever()
當(dāng)然,您還可以在code.py中配置更多的URL映射,并實(shí)現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的類來對(duì)請(qǐng)求作出響應(yīng)。
主要參考了 How to write a web framework in Python(作者 anandology 是web.py代碼的兩位維護(hù)者之一,另一位則是大名鼎鼎卻英年早逝的 Aaron Swartz),在此基礎(chǔ)上作了一些調(diào)整和修改,并摻雜了自己的一些想法。
看完上述內(nèi)容是否對(duì)您有幫助呢?如果還想對(duì)相關(guān)知識(shí)有進(jìn)一步的了解或閱讀更多相關(guān)文章,請(qǐng)關(guān)注億速云行業(yè)資訊頻道,感謝您對(duì)億速云的支持。
免責(zé)聲明:本站發(fā)布的內(nèi)容(圖片、視頻和文字)以原創(chuàng)、轉(zhuǎn)載和分享為主,文章觀點(diǎn)不代表本網(wǎng)站立場(chǎng),如果涉及侵權(quán)請(qǐng)聯(lián)系站長郵箱:is@yisu.com進(jìn)行舉報(bào),并提供相關(guān)證據(jù),一經(jīng)查實(shí),將立刻刪除涉嫌侵權(quán)內(nèi)容。