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小編給大家分享一下PHP中SOLID原則有哪些,相信大部分人都還不怎么了解,因此分享這篇文章給大家參考一下,希望大家閱讀完這篇文章后大有收獲,下面讓我們一起去了解一下吧!
SOLID 是Michael Feathers推薦的便于記憶的首字母簡寫,它代表了Robert Martin命名的最重要的五個面對對象編碼設(shè)計原則:
S: 單一職責(zé)原則 (SRP)
O: 開閉原則 (OCP)
L: 里氏替換原則 (LSP)
I: 接口隔離原則 (ISP)
D: 依賴反轉(zhuǎn)原則 (DIP)
單一職責(zé)原則 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)
"修改一個類應(yīng)該只為一個理由"。人們總是易于用一堆方法塞滿一個類,如同我們在飛機上只能攜帶一個行李箱(把所有的東西都塞到箱子里)。這樣做的問題是:從概念上這樣的類不是高內(nèi)聚的,并且留下了很多理由去修改它。將你需要修改類的次數(shù)降低到最小很重要。這是因為,當(dāng)有很多方法在類中時,修改其中一處,你很難知曉在代碼庫中哪些依賴的模塊會被影響到。
Bad:
class UserSettings{ private $user; public function __construct($user) { $this->user = $user; } public function changeSettings($settings) { if ($this->verifyCredentials()) { // ... } } private function verifyCredentials() { // ... } }
Good:
class UserAuth { private $user; public function __construct($user){ $this->user = $user; } public function verifyCredentials(){ // ... } } class UserSettings { private $user; private $auth; public function __construct($user) { $this->user = $user; $this->auth = new UserAuth($user); } public function changeSettings($settings){ if ($this->auth->verifyCredentials()) { // ... } } }
開閉原則 Open/Closed Principle (OCP)
正如Bertrand Meyer所述,"軟件的實體(類, 模塊, 函數(shù),等)應(yīng)該對擴展開放,對修改關(guān)閉。"這個原則是在說明應(yīng)該允許用戶在不改變已有代碼的情況下增加新的功能。
Bad:
abstract class Adapter{ protected $name; public function getName(){ return $this->name; } } class AjaxAdapter extends Adapter{ public function __construct(){ parent::__construct(); $this->name = 'ajaxAdapter'; } } class NodeAdapter extends Adapter{ public function __construct(){ parent::__construct(); $this->name = 'nodeAdapter'; } } class HttpRequester{ private $adapter; public function __construct($adapter) { $this->adapter = $adapter; } public function fetch($url) { $adapterName = $this->adapter->getName(); if ($adapterName === 'ajaxAdapter') { return $this->makeAjaxCall($url); } elseif ($adapterName === 'httpNodeAdapter') { return $this->makeHttpCall($url); } } private function makeAjaxCall($url) { // request and return promise } private function makeHttpCall($url) { // request and return promise } }
在上面的代碼中,對于HttpRequester類中的fetch方法,如果我新增了一個新的xxxAdapter類并且要在fetch方法中用到的話,就需要在HttpRequester類中去修改類(如加上一個elseif 判斷),而通過下面的代碼,就可很好的解決這個問題。下面代碼很好的說明了如何在不改變原有代碼的情況下增加新功能。
Good:
interface Adapter{ public function request($url); } class AjaxAdapter implements Adapter{ public function request($url) { // request and return promise } } class NodeAdapter implements Adapter{ public function request($url) { // request and return promise } } class HttpRequester{ private $adapter; public function __construct(Adapter $adapter) { $this->adapter = $adapter; } public function fetch($url) { return $this->adapter->request($url); } }
里氏替換原則 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)
對這個概念***的解釋是:如果你有一個父類和一個子類,在不改變原有結(jié)果正確性的前提下父類和子類可以互換。這個聽起來讓人有些迷惑,所以讓我們來看一個經(jīng)典的正方形-長方形的例子。從數(shù)學(xué)上講,正方形是一種長方形,但是當(dāng)你的模型通過繼承使用了"is-a"的關(guān)系時,就不對了。
Bad:
class Rectangle{ protected $width = 0; protected $height = 0; public function render($area) { // ... } public function setWidth($width) { $this->width = $width; } public function setHeight($height) { $this->height = $height; } public function getArea() { return $this->width * $this->height; } } class Square extends Rectangle{ public function setWidth($width) { $this->width = $this->height = $width; } public function setHeight(height) { $this->width = $this->height = $height; } } function renderLargeRectangles($rectangles){ foreach ($rectangles as $rectangle) { $rectangle->setWidth(4); $rectangle->setHeight(5); $area = $rectangle->getArea(); // BAD: Will return 25 for Square. Should be 20. $rectangle->render($area); } } $rectangles = [new Rectangle(), new Rectangle(), new Square()]; renderLargeRectangles($rectangles);
Good:
abstract class Shape{ protected $width = 0; protected $height = 0; abstract public function getArea(); public function render($area) { // ... } } class Rectangle extends Shape{ public function setWidth($width) { $this->width = $width; } public function setHeight($height) { $this->height = $height; } public function getArea() { return $this->width * $this->height; } } class Square extends Shape{ private $length = 0; public function setLength($length) { $this->length = $length; } public function getArea() { return pow($this->length, 2); } } function renderLargeRectangles($rectangles){ foreach ($rectangles as $rectangle) { if ($rectangle instanceof Square) { $rectangle->setLength(5); } elseif ($rectangle instanceof Rectangle) { $rectangle->setWidth(4); $rectangle->setHeight(5); } $area = $rectangle->getArea(); $rectangle->render($area); } } $shapes = [new Rectangle(), new Rectangle(), new Square()]; renderLargeRectangles($shapes);
接口隔離原則
接口隔離原則:"客戶端不應(yīng)該被強制去實現(xiàn)于它不需要的接口"。
有一個清晰的例子來說明示范這條原則。當(dāng)一個類需要一個大量的設(shè)置項,為了方便不會要求客戶端去設(shè)置大量的選項,因為在通常他們不需要所有的設(shè)置項。使設(shè)置項可選有助于我們避免產(chǎn)生"胖接口"
Bad:
interface Employee{ public function work(); public function eat(); } class Human implements Employee{ public function work() { // ....working } public function eat() { // ...... eating in lunch break } }class Robot implements Employee{ public function work() { //.... working much more } public function eat() { //.... robot can't eat, but it must implement this method } }
上面的代碼中,Robot類并不需要eat()這個方法,但是實現(xiàn)了Emplyee接口,于是只能實現(xiàn)所有的方法了,這使得Robot實現(xiàn)了它并不需要的方法。所以在這里應(yīng)該對Emplyee接口進行拆分,正確的代碼如下:
Good:
interface Workable{ public function work(); } interface Feedable{ public function eat(); } interface Employee extends Feedable, Workable{ } class Human implements Employee{ public function work() { // ....working } public function eat() { //.... eating in lunch break } }// robot can only work class Robot implements Workable{ public function work() { // ....working } }
依賴反轉(zhuǎn)原則 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)
這條原則說明兩個基本的要點:
高階的模塊不應(yīng)該依賴低階的模塊,它們都應(yīng)該依賴于抽象
抽象不應(yīng)該依賴于實現(xiàn),實現(xiàn)應(yīng)該依賴于抽象
這條起初看起來有點晦澀難懂,但是如果你使用過php框架(例如 Symfony),你應(yīng)該見過依賴注入(DI)對這個概念的實現(xiàn)。雖然它們不是完全相通的概念,依賴倒置原則使高階模塊與低階模塊的實現(xiàn)細節(jié)和創(chuàng)建分離。可以使用依賴注入(DI)這種方式來實現(xiàn)它。更多的好處是它使模塊之間解耦。耦合會導(dǎo)致你難于重構(gòu),它是一種非常糟糕的的開發(fā)模式。
Bad:
class Employee{ public function work() { // ....working } } class Robot extends Employee{ public function work() { //.... working much more } } class Manager{ private $employee; public function __construct(Employee $employee) { $this->employee = $employee; } public function manage() { $this->employee->work(); } }
Good:
interface Employee{ public function work(); } class Human implements Employee{ public function work() { // ....working } } class Robot implements Employee{ public function work() { //.... working much more } } class Manager{ private $employee; public function __construct(Employee $employee) { $this->employee = $employee; } public function manage() { $this->employee->work(); } }
別寫重復(fù)代碼 (DRY)
這條原則大家應(yīng)該都是比較熟悉了。
盡你***的努力去避免復(fù)制代碼,它是一種非常糟糕的行為,復(fù)制代碼通常意味著當(dāng)你需要變更一些邏輯時,你需要修改不止一處。
Bad:
function showDeveloperList($developers){ foreach ($developers as $developer) { $expectedSalary = $developer->calculateExpectedSalary(); $experience = $developer->getExperience(); $githubLink = $developer->getGithubLink(); $data = [ $expectedSalary, $experience, $githubLink ]; render($data); } } function showManagerList($managers){ foreach ($managers as $manager) { $expectedSalary = $manager->calculateExpectedSalary(); $experience = $manager->getExperience(); $githubLink = $manager->getGithubLink(); $data = [ $expectedSalary, $experience, $githubLink ]; render($data); } }
Good:
function showList($employees){ foreach ($employees as $employee) { $expectedSalary = $employee->calculateExpectedSalary(); $experience = $employee->getExperience(); $githubLink = $employee->getGithubLink(); $data = [ $expectedSalary, $experience, $githubLink ]; render($data); } }
Very good:
function showList($employees){ foreach ($employees as $employee) { render([ $employee->calculateExpectedSalary(), $employee->getExperience(), $employee->getGithubLink() ]); } }
以上是“PHP中SOLID原則有哪些”這篇文章的所有內(nèi)容,感謝各位的閱讀!相信大家都有了一定的了解,希望分享的內(nèi)容對大家有所幫助,如果還想學(xué)習(xí)更多知識,歡迎關(guān)注億速云行業(yè)資訊頻道!
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