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本篇文章為大家展示了Linux系統(tǒng)災難恢復技術是什么,內(nèi)容簡明扼要并且容易理解,絕對能使你眼前一亮,通過這篇文章的詳細介紹希望你能有所收獲。
Linux 發(fā)行版本眾多,現(xiàn)如今也得到了越來越廣泛的應用,同時也面臨著系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障的潛在風險,本文將以發(fā)行版本 RHEL6 為例詳細介紹幾種 Linux 災難恢復技術和方法,以確保 Linux 系統(tǒng)的安全恢復。
在介紹 Linux 災難恢復方法之前,我們先來了解下 MBR,其全稱為 Master Boot Record,即硬盤的主引導記錄。它由三個部分組成,主引導程序、硬盤分區(qū)表和硬盤有效標志。在總共 512 字節(jié)的主引導扇區(qū)里主引導程序(Bootloader)占 446 個字節(jié),第二部分是硬盤分區(qū)表,占 64 個字節(jié),硬盤有多少分區(qū)以及每一分區(qū)的大小都記錄在其中。第三部分是硬盤有效標志,占 2 個字節(jié)。具體如圖示:
圖 1. MBR
系統(tǒng)硬盤分區(qū)表破壞
生產(chǎn)環(huán)境中的 Linux 服務器可能會因為病毒或者意外斷電而引起硬盤分區(qū)表被破壞,通常恢復硬盤分區(qū)表需要之前我們先備份其分區(qū)表的信息,一般我們使用 USB 外接設備來備份主機硬盤的分區(qū)表。
在主機上掛載 USB 設備后我們查看系統(tǒng)當前磁盤設備:
[root@FCoE ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 43.0 GB, 42991616000 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5226 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00032735 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 17 131072 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 17 147 1048576 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda3 147 5227 40803328 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table
現(xiàn)在我們在 sdb 這個設備上創(chuàng)建一個新的分區(qū):
[root@FCoE ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xcdd48395. Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite) WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 1 First cylinder (1-261, default 1): Using default value 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-261, default 261): Using default value 261 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xcdd48395 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 261 2096451 83 Linux Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.
在新分區(qū) sdb1 上創(chuàng)建文件系統(tǒng):
[root@FCoE ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 131072 inodes, 524112 blocks 26205 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=536870912 16 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (8192 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 24 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
掛載新的文件系統(tǒng):
[root@FCoE ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/
通常我們通過備份硬盤的 MBR 來備份硬盤分區(qū)表:
[root@FCoE ~]# dd if=/dev/sda of=/mnt/sda.mbr bs=512 count=1 1+0 records in 1+0 records out 512 bytes (512 B) copied, 0.000777948 s, 658 kB/s
現(xiàn)在我們來寫零硬盤分區(qū)表來實現(xiàn)類似分區(qū)表被破壞的結(jié)果:
[root@FCoE ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=1 count=64 skip=446 seek=446 64+0 records in 64+0 records out 64 bytes (64 B) copied, 0.00160668 s, 39.8 kB/s
查詢硬盤 sda 上的分區(qū)信息,發(fā)現(xiàn)其已不包含任何分區(qū):
[root@FCoE ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 43.0 GB, 42991616000 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5226 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00032735 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xcdd48395 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 261 2096451 83 Linux
當主機硬盤分區(qū)表丟失了之后,再次啟動后 GRUB 會因找不到配置文件而進入命令行模式:
圖 2. 分區(qū)表丟失
接下來我們掛載 RHEL6 的安裝盤,同時也接入我們之前備份的 USB 設備,然后重啟主機,選擇 CD-ROM 為第一引導設備,啟動后選擇“Rescue installed system”。
圖 3. 選擇援救
按照提示,最終我們選擇一個 shell。
圖 4. 選擇 shell
我們查詢系統(tǒng)磁盤信息,發(fā)現(xiàn)硬盤設備 sda 沒有包含任何分區(qū)。
bash-4.1# fdik – l Disk /dev/sda: 43.0 GB, 42991616000 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5226 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00032735 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xcdd48395 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 261 2096451 83 Linux
我們來恢復它的硬盤分區(qū)表,創(chuàng)建一個目錄并且掛載之前備份的 USB 設備,我們看到它的設備名是 /dev/sdb。
bash-4.1# mount /dev/sdb1 /usb bash-4.1# ls /usb lost+found sda.mbr
通過原來備份的 sda.mbr 文件來恢復硬盤設備 sda 的硬盤分區(qū)表:
bash-4.1# dd if=/usb/sda.mbr of=/dev/sda bs=1 count=64 skip=446 seek=446 64+0 records in 64+0 records out 64 bytes (64 B) copied, 0.038358 s, 4.6 kB/s
再次查詢系統(tǒng)磁盤信息:
bash-4.1# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 43.0 GB, 42991616000 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5226 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00032735 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 17 131072 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 17 147 1048576 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda3 147 5227 40803328 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xcdd48395 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 261 2096451 83 Linux
硬盤設備 sda 的分區(qū)表已經(jīng)恢復,重啟后系統(tǒng)便可正常引導。
系統(tǒng) GRUB 損壞
類似得我們可以來寫零 Bootloader 來實現(xiàn) GRUB 被破壞的結(jié)果:
[root@FCoE grub]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=446 count=1 1+0 records in 1+0 records out 446 bytes (446 B) copied, 0.0017583 s, 254 kB/s
重啟后系統(tǒng)會因找不到 GRUB 而卡在“Booting from Hard Disk …”
掛載系統(tǒng)安裝光盤然后選擇進入 Rescue 模式,然后恢復 GRUB:
bash-4.1# chroot /mnt/sysimage sh-4.1# grub grub > root hd(0,0) grub > setup (hd0) grub > quit
圖 5. 恢復 GRUB
重啟主機后,系統(tǒng)可正常引導。
系統(tǒng)內(nèi)核文件丟失
系統(tǒng)丟失內(nèi)核 kernel 文件,再次啟動后會提示找不到文件。
圖 6. 內(nèi)核丟失
掛載系統(tǒng)安裝盤進入援救模式,檢查 /boot 目錄下發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有 kernel 文件。
bash-4.1# chroot /mnt/sysimage bash-4.1# ls /boot ls config-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64 lost+found efi symvers-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.gz grub System.map-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64 initramfs-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.img
從掛載的系統(tǒng)安裝盤強制重新安裝內(nèi)核:
sh-4.1# mount – o loop /dev/sr0 /media sh-4.1# cd /media/Server/Packages sh-4.1# rpm -ivh --force kernel-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.rpm warning: kernel-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, \ key ID fd431d51: NOKEY Preparing... ########################################### [100%] 1:kernel ########################################### [100%]
在 /boot 目錄下已經(jīng)生成新的 kernel 文件 vmlinuz-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64
sh-4.1## ls /boot config-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64 lost+found efi symvers-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.gz grub System.map-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64 initramfs-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.img vmlinuz-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64
重啟主機后,系統(tǒng)可正常引導。
系統(tǒng)鏡像文件丟失
系統(tǒng)丟失鏡像文件,主機啟動后黑屏。
圖 7. 鏡像丟失
掛載系統(tǒng)安裝盤進入援救模式 , 檢查 /boot 目錄下發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有鏡像文件。
bash-4.1# chroot /mnt/sysimage sh-4.1# ls /boot config-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64 symvers-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.gz efi System.map-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64 grub vmlinuz-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64 lost+found
重新生成鏡像文件 initramfs-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.img。
sh-4.1# cd /boot sh-4.1# mkinit sh-4.1# ls config-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64 lost+found efi symvers-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.gz grub System.map-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64 initramfs-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.img vmlinuz-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64
重啟主機后 , 系統(tǒng)可正常引導。
系統(tǒng) /boot 分區(qū)損壞
一般來說系統(tǒng) /boot 分區(qū)損壞,我們會先嘗試修復文件系統(tǒng)。如果文件系統(tǒng)損壞不能修復,那么我們可以參照前述的方法來依次新建 /boot 分區(qū),重新安裝內(nèi)核和鏡像,然后安裝 GURB 再手工編輯引導菜單,以最終來恢復系統(tǒng)可正常引導。通常我們需要按照如下的步驟來恢復。
創(chuàng)建分區(qū)
碰到比較嚴重的情況就是 /boot 分區(qū)已經(jīng)完全損壞,啟動時會提示找不到引導設備。
圖 8. 引導分區(qū)損壞
掛載安裝盤后進入援救模式,查看分區(qū)情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)分區(qū) /dev/sda1 不存在。
bash-4.1# Disk /dev/sda: 43.0 GB, 42991616000 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5226 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda2 17 147 1048576 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda3 147 5227 40803328 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xcdd48395 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 261 2096451 83 Linux
新建一個分區(qū)并且設置它為啟動分區(qū)。
bash-4.1# fdisk /dev/sda WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 1 First cylinder (1-5226, default 1): Using default value 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-16, default 16): Using default value 16 Command (m for help): a Partition number (1-4): 1 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 43.0 GB, 42991616000 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5226 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 16 128488+ 83 Linux /dev/sda2 17 147 1048576 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda3 147 5227 40803328 83 Linux Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered!
重啟主機以更新分區(qū)表,然后進入援救模式,并在我們新創(chuàng)建的分區(qū)上創(chuàng)建文件系統(tǒng)。
bash-4.1# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=1024 (log=0) Fragment size=1024 (log=0) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 32128 inodes, 128488 blocks 6424 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=1 Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008 16 block groups 8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group 2008 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (4096 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 38 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
安裝內(nèi)核鏡像文件
通過前述的方法我們安裝內(nèi)核和鏡像文件。
bash-4.1# chroot /mnt/sysimage sh-4.1# mount /dev/sda1 /boot sh-4.1# mount – o loop /dev/sr0 /media sh-4.1# cd /media/Server/Packages sh-4.1# rpm -ivh --force kernel-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.rpm warning: kernel-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.rpm: \ Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY Preparing... ########################################### [100%] 1:kernel ########################################### [100%]
安裝 GRUB
我們安裝 GRUB 到硬盤設備 sda 上。
sh-4.1# grub-install /dev/sda Installation finished. No error reported. This is the contents of the device map /boot/grub/device.map. Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect, fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'. (fd0) /dev/fd0 (hd0) /dev/sda (hd1) /dev/sdb
編輯引導菜單
由于我們創(chuàng)建了新的分區(qū),其對應的 UUID 會發(fā)生變化,可以通過命令 blkid 來查詢分區(qū)的 UUID。
bash-4.1# blkid /dev/loop0: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/sda2: UUID="7b1e0fac-ff06-492c-848d-497e2a38c54e" TYPE="swap" /dev/sda3: UUID="ef89764e-04ff-4f26-ae82-dcab267ecc66" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sdb1: UUID="2b824352-df2a-44c6-a547-838d46f526fa" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3" /dev/loop1: LABEL="RHEL_6.0 x86_64 Disc 1" TYPE="iso9660" /dev/sda1: UUID="cec964af-1618-48ff-ac33-4ef71b9d3265" TYPE="ext4"
上述的 sda3 為根分區(qū),編輯 /boot/grub/grub.conf 文件更新其對應的 UUID,其內(nèi)容如下。
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64 \ root=UUID=ef89764e-04ff-4f26-ae82-dcab267ecc66 rhgb quiet initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.img
更新 /etc/fstab
類似的我們也需要更新 /etc/fstab 里 /boot 分區(qū)對應的新 UUID,其內(nèi)容如下。
# # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Sun Mar 18 04:35:07 2012 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # UUID=ef89764e-04ff-4f26-ae82-dcab267ecc66 / ext4 defaults 1 1 UUID=cec964af-1618-48ff-ac33-4ef71b9d3265 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2 UUID=7b1e0fac-ff06-492c-848d-497e2a38c54e swap swap defaults 0 0 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
現(xiàn)在我們的恢復步驟已經(jīng)完成,重啟主機后 GRUB 中可見我們配置的系統(tǒng)列表。
圖 9. GRUB 菜單
至此 /boot 分區(qū)已恢復,系統(tǒng)可正常引導啟動。
圖 10. 系統(tǒng)啟動
上述內(nèi)容就是Linux系統(tǒng)災難恢復技術是什么,你們學到知識或技能了嗎?如果還想學到更多技能或者豐富自己的知識儲備,歡迎關注億速云行業(yè)資訊頻道。
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