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小編給大家分享一下MySQL數(shù)據(jù)查詢之連接查詢的案例,相信大部分人都還不怎么了解,因此分享這篇文章給大家參考一下,希望大家閱讀完這篇文章后大有收獲,下面讓我們一起去了解一下吧!
連接關(guān)系是關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫模型的主要特點。也是最主要的查詢,主要包括內(nèi)連接、外連接等。
通過連接運算符可以實現(xiàn)多個表查詢。
在關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)中,表建立時各數(shù)據(jù)之間的關(guān)系不必確定,常把一個實體的所有信息存放在一個表中。當(dāng)查詢數(shù)據(jù)時,通過連接操作查詢出存放在多個表中不同實體的信息。當(dāng)兩個或多個表中存在相同意義的字段時,便可以通過這些字段對不同的表進行連接查詢。
下面介紹多表之間的三種連接方式:
(1)內(nèi)連接查詢
(2)外連接查詢
(3)復(fù)合條件連接查詢
內(nèi)連接使用比較運算符進行表間某(某些)列數(shù)據(jù)的比較操作,并列出這些表中與連接條件向匹配的數(shù)據(jù)行,組成新紀錄,也就是說,在內(nèi)連接查詢中,只有滿足條件的記錄才能出現(xiàn)在結(jié)果關(guān)系中。
下面創(chuàng)建數(shù)據(jù)表suppliers進行演示:
mysql> create table suppliers -> ( -> s_id int not null auto_increment, -> s_name char(50) not null, -> s_city char(50) null, -> s_zip char(10) null, -> s_call char(50) not null, -> primary key(s_id) -> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)mysql> insert into suppliers(s_id,s_name,s_city,s_zip,s_call) -> values(101,'FastFruit Inc.','Tianjin','300000','48075'), -> (102,'LT Supplies','Chongqing','400000','44333'), -> (103,'ACME','Shanghai','200000','90046'), -> (104,'FNK Inc.','Zhongshan','528437','11111'), -> (105,'Good Set','Taiyuan','030000','22222'), -> (106,'Just Eat Ours','Beijing','010','45678'), -> (107,'DK Inc','Zhengzhou','450000','33332');Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.07 sec)Records: 7 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
【例1】在fruits表和suppliers表之間使用內(nèi)連接查詢。
mysql> desc fruits;+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| f_id | char(10) | NO | PRI | NULL | || s_id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | || f_name | char(255) | NO | | NULL | || f_price | decimal(8,2) | NO | | NULL | |+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.06 sec)mysql> desc suppliers;+--------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| s_id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || s_name | char(50) | NO | | NULL | || s_city | char(50) | YES | | NULL | || s_zip | char(10) | YES | | NULL | || s_call | char(50) | NO | | NULL | |+--------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
可以看到fruits和suppliers表中都有相同數(shù)據(jù)類型的字段s_id,兩個表通過s_id字段建立聯(lián)系。
接下來從fruits表中查詢f_name、f_price字段,從suppliers表中查詢s_id、s_name,SQL語句如下:
mysql> select suppliers.s_id,s_name,f_name,f_price -> from fruits,suppliers -> where fruits.s_id=suppliers.s_id;+------+----------------+------------+---------+| s_id | s_name | f_name | f_price |+------+----------------+------------+---------+| 104 | FNK Inc. | lemon | 6.40 || 101 | FastFruit Inc. | apple | 5.20 || 103 | ACME | apricot | 2.20 || 101 | FastFruit Inc. | blackberry | 10.20 || 104 | FNK Inc. | berry | 7.60 || 107 | DK Inc | xxxx | 3.60 || 102 | LT Supplies | orange | 11.20 || 105 | Good Set | melon | 8.20 || 101 | FastFruit Inc. | cherry | 3.20 || 106 | Just Eat Ours | mango | 15.70 || 105 | Good Set | xbabay | 2.60 || 105 | Good Set | xxtt | 11.60 || 103 | ACME | coconut | 9.20 || 102 | LT Supplies | banana | 10.30 || 102 | LT Supplies | grape | 5.30 || 107 | DK Inc | xbabay | 3.60 |+------+----------------+------------+---------+16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
注意:因為fruits表和suppliers表中有相同的字段s_id,因此在比較的時候,需要完全限定表名,格式為"表名.列名",如果只給出s_id,MySQL將不知道指的是哪一個,并返回錯誤信息。
【例2】在fruits表和suppliers表之間,使用inner join語法進行內(nèi)連接查詢,SQL語句如下:
mysql> select suppliers.s_id,s_name,f_name,f_price -> from fruits inner join suppliers -> on fruits.s_id = suppliers.s_id;+------+----------------+------------+---------+| s_id | s_name | f_name | f_price |+------+----------------+------------+---------+| 104 | FNK Inc. | lemon | 6.40 || 101 | FastFruit Inc. | apple | 5.20 || 103 | ACME | apricot | 2.20 || 101 | FastFruit Inc. | blackberry | 10.20 || 104 | FNK Inc. | berry | 7.60 || 107 | DK Inc | xxxx | 3.60 || 102 | LT Supplies | orange | 11.20 || 105 | Good Set | melon | 8.20 || 101 | FastFruit Inc. | cherry | 3.20 || 106 | Just Eat Ours | mango | 15.70 || 105 | Good Set | xbabay | 2.60 || 105 | Good Set | xxtt | 11.60 || 103 | ACME | coconut | 9.20 || 102 | LT Supplies | banana | 10.30 || 102 | LT Supplies | grape | 5.30 || 107 | DK Inc | xbabay | 3.60 |+------+----------------+------------+---------+16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
使用where子句定義連接條件比較簡單明了,而inner join語法是ANSI SQL 的標準規(guī)范,使用inner join連接語法能夠確保不會忘記連接條件,而且,where子句在某些時候回影響查詢的性能。
如果在一個連接查詢中涉及的兩個表都是同一個表,name這種查詢稱為自連接查詢。自連接是一種特殊的內(nèi)連接,是指相互連接的表在物理上為同一張表,但可以在邏輯上分為兩張表。
【例3】查詢供應(yīng)f_id='a1'
的水果供應(yīng)商提供的水果種類,SQL語句如下:
mysql> select f1.f_id,f1.f_name -> from fruits as f1,fruits as f2 -> where f1.s_id =f2.s_id and f2.f_id ='a1';+------+------------+| f_id | f_name |+------+------------+| a1 | apple || b1 | blackberry || c0 | cherry |+------+------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
外連接查詢將查詢多個表中相關(guān)聯(lián)的行。
內(nèi)連接時,返回查詢結(jié)果集合中的僅是符合查詢條件和連接條件的行。但有時候需要包含沒有關(guān)聯(lián)的行中數(shù)據(jù),即返回查詢結(jié)果集合中的不僅包含符合連接條件的行,而且還包括左表(左外連接或左連接)、右表(右外連接或右連接)或兩個邊接表(全外連接)中的所有數(shù)據(jù)行。外連接分為左外連接或左連接和右外連接或右連接:
①左連接:返回包括左表中的所有記錄和右表中連接字段相等的記錄。
②右連接:返回包括右表中的記錄和左表中連接字段相等的記錄。
1.左連接left join
首先創(chuàng)建表orders,SQL語句如下;
mysql> create table orders -> ( -> o_num int not null auto_increment, -> o_date datetime not null, -> c_id int not null, -> primary key (o_num) -> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)mysql> insert into orders(o_num,o_date,c_id) -> values(30001,'2008-09-01',10001), -> (30002,'2008-09-12',10003), -> (30003,'2008-09-30',10004), -> (30004,'2008-10-03',10005), -> (30005,'2008-10-08',10001);Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.06 sec)Records: 5 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
【例】在customers表和orders表中,查詢所有客戶,包括沒有訂單的客戶,SQL語句如下:
mysql> select * from customers;+-------+----------+---------------------+---------+--------+-----------+-------------------+| c_id | c_name | c_address | c_city | c_zip | c_contact | c_email |+-------+----------+---------------------+---------+--------+-----------+-------------------+| 10001 | redhool | 200 Street | Tianjin | 300000 | LiMing | LMing@163.com || 10002 | Stars | 333 Fromage Lane | Dalian | 116000 | Zhangbo | Jerry@hotmail.com || 10003 | Netbhood | 1 Sunny Place | Qingdao | 266000 | LuoCong | NULL || 10004 | JOTO | 829 Riverside Drive | Haikou | 570000 | YangShan | sam@hotmail.com |+-------+----------+---------------------+---------+--------+-----------+-------------------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from orders;+-------+---------------------+-------+| o_num | o_date | c_id |+-------+---------------------+-------+| 30001 | 2008-09-01 00:00:00 | 10001 || 30002 | 2008-09-12 00:00:00 | 10003 || 30003 | 2008-09-30 00:00:00 | 10004 || 30004 | 2008-10-03 00:00:00 | 10005 || 30005 | 2008-10-08 00:00:00 | 10001 |+-------+---------------------+-------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select customers.c_id , orders.o_num -> from customers left outer join orders -> on customers.c_id = orders.c_id;+-------+-------+| c_id | o_num |+-------+-------+| 10001 | 30001 || 10003 | 30002 || 10004 | 30003 || 10001 | 30005 || 10002 | NULL |+-------+-------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.右連接right join
右連接是左連接的反向連接,將返回右表的所有行。如果右表的某行在左表中沒有匹配行,左表將返回空值。
【例】在customers表和orders表中,查詢所有訂單,包括沒有客戶的訂單,SQL語句如下:
mysql> select customers.c_id, orders.o_num -> from customers right outer join orders -> on customers.c_id = orders.c_id;+-------+-------+| c_id | o_num |+-------+-------+| 10001 | 30001 || 10003 | 30002 || 10004 | 30003 || NULL | 30004 || 10001 | 30005 |+-------+-------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
復(fù)合條件連接查詢是在連接查詢的過程中,通過添加過濾條件,限制查詢結(jié)果,使查詢的結(jié)果更加準確。
【例1】在customers表和orders表中,使用inner join語法查詢customers表匯總ID為10001的客戶的訂單信息,SQL語句如下:
mysql> select customers.c_id,orders.o_num -> from customers inner join orders -> on customers.c_id = orders.c_id and customers.c_id = 10001;+-------+-------+| c_id | o_num |+-------+-------+| 10001 | 30001 || 10001 | 30005 |+-------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
【例2】在fruits表和suppliers表之間,使用inner join語法進行內(nèi)連接查詢,并對查詢結(jié)果排序,SQL語句如下:
mysql> select suppliers.s_id,s_name,f_name,f_price -> from fruits inner join suppliers -> on fruits.s_id = suppliers.s_id -> order by fruits.s_id;+------+----------------+------------+---------+| s_id | s_name | f_name | f_price |+------+----------------+------------+---------+| 101 | FastFruit Inc. | apple | 5.20 || 101 | FastFruit Inc. | blackberry | 10.20 || 101 | FastFruit Inc. | cherry | 3.20 || 102 | LT Supplies | orange | 11.20 || 102 | LT Supplies | banana | 10.30 || 102 | LT Supplies | grape | 5.30 || 103 | ACME | apricot | 2.20 || 103 | ACME | coconut | 9.20 || 104 | FNK Inc. | lemon | 6.40 || 104 | FNK Inc. | berry | 7.60 || 105 | Good Set | melon | 8.20 || 105 | Good Set | xbabay | 2.60 || 105 | Good Set | xxtt | 11.60 || 106 | Just Eat Ours | mango | 15.70 || 107 | DK Inc | xxxx | 3.60 || 107 | DK Inc | xbabay | 3.60 |+------+----------------+------------+---------+16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
以上是“MySQL數(shù)據(jù)查詢之連接查詢的案例”這篇文章的所有內(nèi)容,感謝各位的閱讀!相信大家都有了一定的了解,希望分享的內(nèi)容對大家有所幫助,如果還想學(xué)習(xí)更多知識,歡迎關(guān)注億速云行業(yè)資訊頻道!
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