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Linux系統(tǒng)的sysctl命令參數(shù)介紹

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2021-09-04 14:25:44 來源:億速云 閱讀:126 作者:chen 欄目:編程語言

這篇文章主要介紹“Linux系統(tǒng)的sysctl命令參數(shù)介紹”,在日常操作中,相信很多人在Linux系統(tǒng)的sysctl命令參數(shù)介紹問題上存在疑惑,小編查閱了各式資料,整理出簡單好用的操作方法,希望對大家解答”Linux系統(tǒng)的sysctl命令參數(shù)介紹”的疑惑有所幫助!接下來,請跟著小編一起來學(xué)習(xí)吧!

Linux內(nèi)核通過/proc虛擬文件系統(tǒng)向用戶導(dǎo)出內(nèi)核信息,用戶也可以通過/proc文件系統(tǒng)或通過sysctl命令動(dòng)態(tài)配置內(nèi)核。比如,如果我們想啟動(dòng)NAT,除了加載模塊、配置防火墻外,還需要啟動(dòng)內(nèi)核轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)功能。我們有三種方法:

1. 直接寫/proc文件系統(tǒng)
# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

2. 利用sysctl命令
# sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
sysctl -a可以查看內(nèi)核所有導(dǎo)出的變量

3. 編輯/etc/sysctl.conf
添加如下一行,這樣系統(tǒng)每次啟動(dòng)后,該變量的值就是1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

sysctl是procfs軟件中的命令,該軟件包還提供了w, ps, vmstat, pgrep, pkill, top, slabtop等命令。

sysctl配置與顯示在/proc/sys目錄中的內(nèi)核參數(shù).可以用sysctl來設(shè)置或重新設(shè)置聯(lián)網(wǎng)功能,如IP轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)、IP碎片去除以及源路由檢查等。用戶只需要編輯/etc/sysctl.conf文件,即可手工或自動(dòng)執(zhí)行由sysctl控制的功能。

    命令格式:    sysctl [-n] [-e] -w variable=value    sysctl [-n] [-e] -p <filename> (default /etc/sysctl.conf)    sysctl [-n] [-e] -a    常用參數(shù)的意義:    -w   臨時(shí)改變某個(gè)指定參數(shù)的值,如         sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1    -a   顯示所有的系統(tǒng)參數(shù)    -p   從指定的文件加載系統(tǒng)參數(shù),如不指定即從/etc/sysctl.conf中加載   
如果僅僅是想臨時(shí)改變某個(gè)系統(tǒng)參數(shù)的值,可以用兩種方法來實(shí)現(xiàn),例如想啟用IP路由轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)功能:    1) #echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward    2) #sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1    以上兩種方法都可能立即開啟路由功能,但如果系統(tǒng)重啟,或執(zhí)行了     # service network restart命令,所設(shè)置的值即會(huì)丟失,如果想永久保留配置,可以修改/etc/sysctl.conf文件將 net.ipv4.ip_forward=0改為net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

sysctl是一個(gè)允許您改變正在運(yùn)行中的Linux系統(tǒng)的接口。它包含一些 TCP/IP 堆棧和虛擬內(nèi)存系統(tǒng)的高級(jí)選項(xiàng), 這可以讓有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的管理員提高引人注目的系統(tǒng)性能。用sysctl可以讀取設(shè)置超過五百個(gè)系統(tǒng)變量。基于這點(diǎn),sysctl(8) 提供兩個(gè)功能:讀取和修改系統(tǒng)設(shè)置。
查看所有可讀變量:
% sysctl -a
讀一個(gè)指定的變量,例如 kern.maxproc
% sysctl kern.maxprockern.maxproc: 1044
要設(shè)置一個(gè)指定的變量,直接用 variable=value 這樣的語法:
# sysctl kern.maxfiles=5000
kern.maxfiles: 2088 -> 5000
您可以使用sysctl修改系統(tǒng)變量,也可以通過編輯sysctl.conf文件來修改系統(tǒng)變量。sysctl.conf 看起來很像 rc.conf。它用
variable=value 的形式來設(shè)定值。指定的值在系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入多用戶模式之后被設(shè)定。并不是所有的變量都可以在這個(gè)模式下設(shè)定。
sysctl 變量的設(shè)置通常是字符串、數(shù)字或者布爾型。 (布爾型用 1 來表示'yes',用 0 來表示'no')。

sysctl -w kernel.sysrq=0
sysctl -w kernel.core_uses_pid=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=2048
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout=30
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries=2
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time=3600
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_sack=1

配置sysctl

編輯此文件:

vi /etc/sysctl.conf

如果該文件為空,則輸入以下內(nèi)容,否則請根據(jù)情況自己做調(diào)整:

# Controls source route verification
# Default should work for all interfaces
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
# net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
# net.ipv4.conf.lo.rp_filter = 1
# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.rp_filter = 1

# Disables IP source routing
# Default should work for all interfaces
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
# net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
# net.ipv4.conf.lo.accept_source_route = 0
# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.accept_source_route = 0

# Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel
kernel.sysrq = 0

# Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename.
# Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications.
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1

# Increase maximum amount of memory allocated to shm
# Only uncomment if needed!
# kernel.shmmax = 67108864

# Disable ICMP Redirect Acceptance
# Default should work for all interfaces
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
# net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
# net.ipv4.conf.lo.accept_redirects = 0
# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.accept_redirects = 0

# Enable Log Spoofed Packets, Source Routed Packets, Redirect Packets
# Default should work for all interfaces
net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 1
# net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1
# net.ipv4.conf.lo.log_martians = 1
# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.log_martians = 1

# Decrease the time default value for tcp_fin_timeout connection
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 25

# Decrease the time default value for tcp_keepalive_time connection
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 1200

# Turn on the tcp_window_scaling
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1

# Turn on the tcp_sack
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1

# tcp_fack should be on because of sack
net.ipv4.tcp_fack = 1

# Turn on the tcp_timestamps
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1

# Enable TCP SYN Cookie Protection
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1

# Enable ignoring broadcasts request
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1

# Enable bad error message Protection
net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1

# Make more local ports available
# net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000

# Set TCP Re-Ordering value in kernel to ‘5′
net.ipv4.tcp_reordering = 5

# Lower syn retry rates
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 3

# Set Max SYN Backlog to ‘2048′
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 2048

# Various Settings
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 1024

# Increase the maximum number of skb-heads to be cached
net.core.hot_list_length = 256

# Increase the tcp-time-wait buckets pool size
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 360000

# This will increase the amount of memory available for socket input/output queues
net.core.rmem_default = 65535
net.core.rmem_max = 8388608
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 8388608
net.core.wmem_default = 65535
net.core.wmem_max = 8388608
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65535 8388608
net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 8388608 8388608 8388608
net.core.optmem_max = 40960

如果希望屏蔽別人 ping 你的主機(jī),則加入以下代碼:

# Disable ping requests
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1

編輯完成后,請執(zhí)行以下命令使變動(dòng)立即生效:

/sbin/sysctl -p
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1

我們常常在 Linux 的 /proc/sys 目錄下,手動(dòng)設(shè)定一些 kernel 的參數(shù)或是直接 echo 特定的值給一個(gè) proc下的虛擬檔案,俾利某些檔案之開啟,常見的例如設(shè)定開機(jī)時(shí)自動(dòng)啟動(dòng) IP Forwarding:

echo “1” > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

其實(shí),在 Linux 我們還可以用 sysctl command 便可以簡易的去檢視、設(shè)定或自動(dòng)配置 特定的 kernel 設(shè)定。我們可以在系統(tǒng)提示符號(hào)下輸入「sysctl -a」,摘要如后:abi.defhandler_coff = 117440515

dev.raid.speed_limit_max = 100000

net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 1

net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 1

net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 1

net.ipv4.conf.default.mc_forwarding = 0

net.ipv4.neigh.lo.delay_first_probe_time = 5

net.ipv4.neigh.lo.base_reachable_time = 30

net.ipv4.icmp_ratelimit = 100

net.ipv4.inet_peer_gc_mintime = 10

net.ipv4.igmp_max_memberships = 20

net.ipv4.ip_no_pmtu_disc = 0

net.core.no_cong_thresh = 20

net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 300

net.core.rmem_default = 65535

net.core.wmem_max = 65535

vm.kswapd = 512 32 8

vm.overcommit_memory = 0

vm.bdflush = 30 64 64 256 500 3000 60 0 0

vm.freepages = 351 702 1053

kernel.sem = 250 32000 32 128

kernel.panic = 0

kernel.domainname = (none)

kernel.hostname = pc02.shinewave.com.tw

kernel.version = #1 Tue Oct 30 20:11:04 EST 2001

kernel.osrelease = 2.4.9-13

kernel.ostype = Linux

fs.dentry-state = 1611 969 45 0 0 0

fs.file-nr = 1121 73 8192

fs.inode-state = 1333 523 0 0 0 0 0 

從上述的語法我們大概可看出 sysctl 的表示法乃把目錄結(jié)構(gòu)的「/」以「.」表示,一層一層的連結(jié)下去。當(dāng)然以echo 特定的值給一個(gè) proc下的虛擬檔案也是可以用 sysctl加以表示,例如:

#sysctl –w net.ipv4.ip_forward =”1”

或是直接在 /etc/sysctl.conf 增刪修改特定檔案的 0,1值亦可:

# Enables packet forwarding

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

# Enables source route verification

net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1

# Disables the magic-sysrq key

kernel.sysrq = 0

當(dāng)然如果考慮 reboot 后仍有效, 直接在 /etc/sysctl.conf 增刪修改特定檔案的 0,1值才可使之保留設(shè)定(以RedHat 為例,每次開機(jī)系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)后, init 會(huì)執(zhí)行 /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit,便會(huì)使用 /etc/sysctl.conf 的預(yù)設(shè)值去執(zhí)行 sysctl)。

相關(guān)參考檔案:

/sbin/sysctl

/etc/sysctl.conf

sysctl 及sysctl.conf manpage

/usr/src/linux-x.y.z/Documentation/sysctl/*

/usr/share/doc/kernel-doc-x.y.z/sysctl/* (RedHat)

http://hi.baidu.com/caosicong/blog/item/0a592360d438cfda8db10d9b.html

http://hi.baidu.com/phpfamer/blog/item/932e276eb39c30de80cb4a3c.htmlsysctl配置與顯示在/proc/sys目錄中的內(nèi)核參數(shù).可以用sysctl來設(shè)置或重新設(shè)置聯(lián)網(wǎng)功能,如IP轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)、IP碎片去除以及源路由檢查等。用戶只需要編輯/etc/sysctl.conf文件,即可手工或自動(dòng)執(zhí)行由sysctl控制的功能。     命令格式:    sysctl [-n] [-e] -w variable=value    sysctl [-n] [-e]
-p <filename> (default /etc/sysctl.conf)    sysctl [-n] [-e] -a    常用參數(shù)的意義:    -w   臨時(shí)改變某個(gè)指定參數(shù)的值,如         sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1    -a   顯示所有的系統(tǒng)參數(shù)    -p   從指定的文件加載系統(tǒng)參數(shù),如不指定即從/etc/sysctl.conf中加載    如果僅僅是想臨時(shí)改變某個(gè)系統(tǒng)參數(shù)的值,可以用兩種方法來實(shí)現(xiàn),例如想啟用IP路由轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)功能:    1)
#echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward    2) #sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1    以上兩種方法都可能立即開啟路由功能,但如果系統(tǒng)重啟,或執(zhí)行了     # service network restart命令,所設(shè)置的值即會(huì)丟失,如果想永久保留配置,可以修改/etc/sysctl.conf文件將 net.ipv4.ip_forward=0改為net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

sysctl是一個(gè)允許您改變正在運(yùn)行中的Linux系統(tǒng)的接口。它包含一些 TCP/IP 堆棧和虛擬內(nèi)存系統(tǒng)的高級(jí)選項(xiàng), 這可以讓有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的管理員提高引人注目的系統(tǒng)性能。用sysctl可以讀取設(shè)置超過五百個(gè)系統(tǒng)變量。基于這點(diǎn),sysctl(8) 提供兩個(gè)功能:讀取和修改系統(tǒng)設(shè)置。
查看所有可讀變量:
% sysctl -a
讀一個(gè)指定的變量,例如 kern.maxproc
% sysctl kern.maxprockern.maxproc: 1044
要設(shè)置一個(gè)指定的變量,直接用 variable=value 這樣的語法:
# sysctl kern.maxfiles=5000
kern.maxfiles: 2088 -> 5000
您可以使用sysctl修改系統(tǒng)變量,也可以通過編輯sysctl.conf文件來修改系統(tǒng)變量。sysctl.conf 看起來很像 rc.conf。它用
variable=value 的形式來設(shè)定值。指定的值在系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入多用戶模式之后被設(shè)定。并不是所有的變量都可以在這個(gè)模式下設(shè)定。
sysctl 變量的設(shè)置通常是字符串、數(shù)字或者布爾型。 (布爾型用 1 來表示'yes',用 0 來表示'no')。

sysctl -w kernel.sysrq=0
sysctl -w kernel.core_uses_pid=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=2048
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout=30
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries=2
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time=3600
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_sack=1

配置sysctl

編輯此文件:

vi /etc/sysctl.conf

如果該文件為空,則輸入以下內(nèi)容,否則請根據(jù)情況自己做調(diào)整:

# Controls source route verification
# Default should work for all interfaces
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
# net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
# net.ipv4.conf.lo.rp_filter = 1
# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.rp_filter = 1

# Disables IP source routing
# Default should work for all interfaces
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
# net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
# net.ipv4.conf.lo.accept_source_route = 0
# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.accept_source_route = 0

# Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel
kernel.sysrq = 0

# Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename.
# Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications.
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1

# Increase maximum amount of memory allocated to shm
# Only uncomment if needed!
# kernel.shmmax = 67108864

# Disable ICMP Redirect Acceptance
# Default should work for all interfaces
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
# net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
# net.ipv4.conf.lo.accept_redirects = 0
# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.accept_redirects = 0

# Enable Log Spoofed Packets, Source Routed Packets, Redirect Packets
# Default should work for all interfaces
net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 1
# net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1
# net.ipv4.conf.lo.log_martians = 1
# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.log_martians = 1

# Decrease the time default value for tcp_fin_timeout connection
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 25

# Decrease the time default value for tcp_keepalive_time connection
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 1200

# Turn on the tcp_window_scaling
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1

# Turn on the tcp_sack
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1

# tcp_fack should be on because of sack
net.ipv4.tcp_fack = 1

# Turn on the tcp_timestamps
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1

# Enable TCP SYN Cookie Protection
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1

# Enable ignoring broadcasts request
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1

# Enable bad error message Protection
net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1

# Make more local ports available
# net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000

# Set TCP Re-Ordering value in kernel to ‘5′
net.ipv4.tcp_reordering = 5

# Lower syn retry rates
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 3

# Set Max SYN Backlog to ‘2048′
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 2048

# Various Settings
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 1024

# Increase the maximum number of skb-heads to be cached
net.core.hot_list_length = 256

# Increase the tcp-time-wait buckets pool size
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 360000

# This will increase the amount of memory available for socket input/output queues
net.core.rmem_default = 65535
net.core.rmem_max = 8388608
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 8388608
net.core.wmem_default = 65535
net.core.wmem_max = 8388608
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65535 8388608
net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 8388608 8388608 8388608
net.core.optmem_max = 40960

如果希望屏蔽別人 ping 你的主機(jī),則加入以下代碼:

# Disable ping requests
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1

編輯完成后,請執(zhí)行以下命令使變動(dòng)立即生效:

/sbin/sysctl -p
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1

我們常常在 Linux 的 /proc/sys 目錄下,手動(dòng)設(shè)定一些 kernel 的參數(shù)或是直接 echo 特定的值給一個(gè) proc下的虛擬檔案,俾利某些檔案之開啟,常見的例如設(shè)定開機(jī)時(shí)自動(dòng)啟動(dòng) IP Forwarding:

echo “1” > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

其實(shí),在 Linux 我們還可以用 sysctl command 便可以簡易的去檢視、設(shè)定或自動(dòng)配置 特定的 kernel 設(shè)定。我們可以在系統(tǒng)提示符號(hào)下輸入「sysctl -a」,摘要如后:abi.defhandler_coff = 117440515

dev.raid.speed_limit_max = 100000

net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 1

net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 1

net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 1

net.ipv4.conf.default.mc_forwarding = 0

net.ipv4.neigh.lo.delay_first_probe_time = 5

net.ipv4.neigh.lo.base_reachable_time = 30

net.ipv4.icmp_ratelimit = 100

net.ipv4.inet_peer_gc_mintime = 10

net.ipv4.igmp_max_memberships = 20

net.ipv4.ip_no_pmtu_disc = 0

net.core.no_cong_thresh = 20

net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 300

net.core.rmem_default = 65535

net.core.wmem_max = 65535

vm.kswapd = 512 32 8

vm.overcommit_memory = 0

vm.bdflush = 30 64 64 256 500 3000 60 0 0

vm.freepages = 351 702 1053

kernel.sem = 250 32000 32 128

kernel.panic = 0

kernel.domainname = (none)

kernel.hostname = pc02.shinewave.com.tw

kernel.version = #1 Tue Oct 30 20:11:04 EST 2001

kernel.osrelease = 2.4.9-13

kernel.ostype = Linux

fs.dentry-state = 1611 969 45 0 0 0

fs.file-nr = 1121 73 8192

fs.inode-state = 1333 523 0 0 0 0 0 

從上述的語法我們大概可看出 sysctl 的表示法乃把目錄結(jié)構(gòu)的「/」以「.」表示,一層一層的連結(jié)下去。當(dāng)然以echo 特定的值給一個(gè) proc下的虛擬檔案也是可以用 sysctl加以表示,例如:

#sysctl –w net.ipv4.ip_forward =”1”

或是直接在 /etc/sysctl.conf 增刪修改特定檔案的 0,1值亦可:

# Enables packet forwarding

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

# Enables source route verification

net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1

# Disables the magic-sysrq key

kernel.sysrq = 0

當(dāng)然如果考慮 reboot 后仍有效, 直接在 /etc/sysctl.conf 增刪修改特定檔案的 0,1值才可使之保留設(shè)定(以RedHat 為例,每次開機(jī)系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)后, init 會(huì)執(zhí)行 /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit,便會(huì)使用 /etc/sysctl.conf 的預(yù)設(shè)值去執(zhí)行 sysctl)。

到此,關(guān)于“Linux系統(tǒng)的sysctl命令參數(shù)介紹”的學(xué)習(xí)就結(jié)束了,希望能夠解決大家的疑惑。理論與實(shí)踐的搭配能更好的幫助大家學(xué)習(xí),快去試試吧!若想繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)更多相關(guān)知識(shí),請繼續(xù)關(guān)注億速云網(wǎng)站,小編會(huì)繼續(xù)努力為大家?guī)砀鄬?shí)用的文章!

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