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深入淺析MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫中的聚合函數(shù)與分組查詢

發(fā)布時間:2020-11-17 14:03:18 來源:億速云 閱讀:175 作者:Leah 欄目:開發(fā)技術(shù)

本篇文章給大家分享的是有關(guān)深入淺析MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫中的聚合函數(shù)與分組查詢,小編覺得挺實用的,因此分享給大家學(xué)習(xí),希望大家閱讀完這篇文章后可以有所收獲,話不多說,跟著小編一起來看看吧。

概述

相信我們經(jīng)常會遇到這樣的場景:想要了解雙十一天貓購買化妝品的人員中平均消費額度是多少(這可能有利于對商品價格區(qū)間的定位);或者不同年齡段的化妝品消費占比是多少(這可能有助于對商品備貨量的預(yù)估)。

這個時候就要用到分組查詢,分組查詢的目的是為了把數(shù)據(jù)分成多個邏輯組(購買化妝品的人員是一個組,不同年齡段購買化妝品的人員也是組),并對每個組進行聚合計算的過程:。

分組查詢的語法格式如下:

 select cname, group_fun,... from tname [where condition]
 group by group_expression [having group_condition]; 

說明一下:

1、group_fun 代表聚合函數(shù),是指對分組的數(shù)據(jù)進行聚合計算的函數(shù)。

2、group_expression 代表分組表達式,允許多個,多個之間使用逗號隔開。

3、group_condition 分組之后,再對分組后的數(shù)據(jù)進行條件過濾的過程。

4、分組語法中,select后面出現(xiàn)的字段 要么是group by后面的字段,要么是聚合函數(shù)的列,其他類型會報異常,我們下面的內(nèi)容中會詳細說明。 

說分組之前,先來看看聚合函數(shù),聚合函數(shù)是分組查詢語法格式中重要的一部分。我們經(jīng)常需要匯總數(shù)據(jù)而不用把它們實際檢索出來,所以MySQL提供了專門的函數(shù)。使用這些函數(shù),可用于計算我們需要的數(shù)據(jù),以便分析和生成報表。

聚合函數(shù)

聚合函數(shù)有以下幾種。 

函數(shù)說明
AVG()返回指定字段的平均值
COUNT()返回查詢結(jié)果行數(shù)
MAX()返回指定字段的最大值 
MIN()返回指定字段的最小值
SUM()返回指定字段的求和值

AVG()函數(shù)

AVG()通過對表中行數(shù)計數(shù)并計算特定列值之和,求得該列的平均值。 AVG()可用來返回所有列的平均值,也可以用來返回特定列或行的平均值。

下面示例返回用戶表中用戶的平均年齡:

mysql> select * from user2;
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
| id | name  | age | address | sex |
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
| 1 | brand |  21 | fuzhou  |  1 |
| 2 | helen |  20 | quanzhou |  0 |
| 3 | sol  |  21 | xiamen  |  0 |
| 4 | weng  |  33 | guizhou |  1 |
| 5 | selina |  25 | NULL   |  0 |
| 6 | anny  |  23 | shanghai |  0 |
| 7 | annd  |  24 | shanghai |  1 |
| 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou |  0 |
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
8 rows in set

mysql> select avg(age) from user2;
+----------+
| avg(age) |
+----------+
| 23.8571 |
+----------+
1 row in set

注意點:

1、AVG()只能用來確定特定數(shù)值列的平均值 。
2、AVG()函數(shù)忽略列值為NULL的行,所以上圖中age值累加之后是除以7,而不是除以8。  

COUNT()函數(shù)

COUNT()函數(shù)進行計數(shù)。 可以用COUNT()確定表中符合條件的行的數(shù)目。

count 有 count(*)、count(具體字段)、count(常量) 三種方式來體現(xiàn) 下面 演示了count(*) 和 count(cname)的用法。

mysql> select * from user2;
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
| id | name  | age | address | sex |
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
| 1 | brand |  21 | fuzhou  |  1 |
| 2 | helen |  20 | quanzhou |  0 |
| 3 | sol  |  21 | xiamen  |  0 |
| 4 | weng  |  33 | guizhou |  1 |
| 5 | selina |  25 | NULL   |  0 |
| 6 | anny  |  23 | shanghai |  0 |
| 7 | annd  |  24 | shanghai |  1 |
| 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou |  0 |
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
8 rows in set

mysql> select count(*) from user2 where sex=0;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
|    5 |
+----------+
1 row in set

mysql> select count(age) from user2 where sex=0;
+------------+
| count(age) |
+------------+
|     4 |
+------------+
1 row in set

可以看到,都是取出女生的用戶數(shù)量,count(*) 比 count(age) 多一個,那是因為age中包含null值。

所以:如果指定列名,則指定列的值為空的行被COUNT()函數(shù)忽略,但如果COUNT()函數(shù)中用的是星號( *),則不忽略。 

MAX()和MIN()函數(shù)

MAX()返回指定列中的最大值,MIN()返回指定列中的最小值。

mysql> select * from user2;
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
| id | name  | age | address | sex |
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
| 1 | brand |  21 | fuzhou  |  1 |
| 2 | helen |  20 | quanzhou |  0 |
| 3 | sol  |  21 | xiamen  |  0 |
| 4 | weng  |  33 | guizhou |  1 |
| 5 | selina |  25 | NULL   |  0 |
| 6 | anny  |  23 | shanghai |  0 |
| 7 | annd  |  24 | shanghai |  1 |
| 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou |  0 |
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
8 rows in set

mysql> select max(age),min(age) from user2;
+----------+----------+
| max(age) | min(age) |
+----------+----------+
|    33 |    20 |
+----------+----------+
1 row in set

注意:同樣的,MAX()、MIN()函數(shù)忽略列值為NULL的行。

SUM函數(shù)

SUM()用來返回指定列值的和(總計) ,下面返回了所有年齡的總和,同樣的,忽略了null的值

mysql> select * from user2;
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
| id | name  | age | address | sex |
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
| 1 | brand |  21 | fuzhou  |  1 |
| 2 | helen |  20 | quanzhou |  0 |
| 3 | sol  |  21 | xiamen  |  0 |
| 4 | weng  |  33 | guizhou |  1 |
| 5 | selina |  25 | NULL   |  0 |
| 6 | anny  |  23 | shanghai |  0 |
| 7 | annd  |  24 | shanghai |  1 |
| 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou |  0 |
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
8 rows in set

mysql> select sum(age) from user2;
+----------+
| sum(age) |
+----------+
| 167   |
+----------+
1 row in set

分組查詢

數(shù)據(jù)準備,假設(shè)我們有一個訂貨單表如下(記載用戶的訂單金額和下單時間):

mysql> select * from t_order;
+---------+-----+-------+--------+---------------------+------+
| orderid | uid | uname | amount | time        | year |
+---------+-----+-------+--------+---------------------+------+
|   20 |  1 | brand | 91.23 | 2018-08-20 17:22:21 | 2018 |
|   21 |  1 | brand | 87.54 | 2019-07-16 09:21:30 | 2019 |
|   22 |  1 | brand | 166.88 | 2019-04-04 12:23:55 | 2019 |
|   23 |  2 | helyn | 93.73 | 2019-09-15 10:11:11 | 2019 |
|   24 |  2 | helyn | 102.32 | 2019-01-08 17:33:25 | 2019 |
|   25 |  2 | helyn | 106.06 | 2019-12-24 12:25:25 | 2019 |
|   26 |  2 | helyn | 73.42 | 2020-04-03 17:16:23 | 2020 |
|   27 |  3 | sol  | 55.55 | 2019-08-05 19:16:23 | 2019 |
|   28 |  3 | sol  | 69.96 | 2020-09-16 19:23:16 | 2020 |
|   29 |  4 | weng | 199.99 | 2020-06-08 19:55:06 | 2020 |
+---------+-----+-------+--------+---------------------+------+
10 rows in set

單字段分組

即對于某個字段進行分組,比如針對用戶進行分組,輸出他們的用戶Id,訂單數(shù)量和總額:

mysql> select uid,count(uid),sum(amount) from t_order group by uid;
+-----+------------+-------------+
| uid | count(uid) | sum(amount) |
+-----+------------+-------------+
|  1 |     3 | 345.65   |
|  2 |     4 | 375.53   |
|  3 |     2 | 125.51   |
|  4 |     1 | 199.99   |
+-----+------------+-------------+
4 rows in set

多字段分組

即對于多個字段進行分組,比如針對用戶進行分組,再對他們不同年份的訂單數(shù)據(jù)進行分組,輸出訂單數(shù)量和消費總額:

mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount,year from t_order group by uid,year;
+-----+------+-------------+------+
| uid | nums | totalamount | year |
+-----+------+-------------+------+
|  1 |  1 | 91.23    | 2018 |
|  1 |  2 | 254.42   | 2019 |
|  2 |  3 | 302.11   | 2019 |
|  2 |  1 | 73.42    | 2020 |
|  3 |  1 | 55.55    | 2019 |
|  3 |  1 | 69.96    | 2020 |
|  4 |  1 | 199.99   | 2020 |
+-----+------+-------------+------+
7 rows in set

分組前的條件過濾:where

這個很簡單,就是再分組(group by)之前通過where關(guān)鍵字進行條件過濾,取出我們需要的數(shù)據(jù),假設(shè)我們只要列出2019年8月之后的數(shù)據(jù),源數(shù)據(jù)只有6條合格的,有兩條年份一樣被分組的:

mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount,year from t_order where time > '2019-08-01' group by uid,year;
+-----+------+-------------+------+
| uid | nums | totalamount | year |
+-----+------+-------------+------+
|  2 |  2 | 199.79   | 2019 |
|  2 |  1 | 73.42    | 2020 |
|  3 |  1 | 55.55    | 2019 |
|  3 |  1 | 69.96    | 2020 |
|  4 |  1 | 199.99   | 2020 |
+-----+------+-------------+------+
5 rows in set

分組后的條件過濾:having

有時候我們需要再分組之后再對數(shù)據(jù)進行過濾,這時候就需要使用having關(guān)鍵字進行數(shù)據(jù)過濾,再上述條件下,我們需要取出消費次數(shù)超過一次的數(shù)據(jù):

mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount,year from t_order where time > '2019-08-01' group by uid,year having nums>1;
+-----+------+-------------+------+
| uid | nums | totalamount | year |
+-----+------+-------------+------+
|  2 |  2 | 199.79   | 2019 |
+-----+------+-------------+------+
1 row in set

這邊需要注意區(qū)分where和having:

where是在分組(聚合)前對記錄進行篩選,而having是在分組結(jié)束后的結(jié)果里篩選,最后返回過濾后的結(jié)果。

可以把having理解為兩級查詢,即含having的查詢操作先獲得不含having子句時的sql查詢結(jié)果表,然后在這個結(jié)果表上使用having條件篩選出符合的記錄,最后返回這些記錄,因此,having后是可以跟聚合函數(shù)的,并且這個聚集函數(shù)不必與select后面的聚集函數(shù)相同。

分組后的排序處理

order條件接在group by后面,也就是統(tǒng)計出每個用戶的消費總額和消費次數(shù)后,對用戶的消費總額進行降序排序的過程。

mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order group by uid;
+-----+------+-------------+
| uid | nums | totalamount |
+-----+------+-------------+
|  1 |  3 | 345.65   |
|  2 |  4 | 375.53   |
|  3 |  2 | 125.51   |
|  4 |  1 | 199.99   |
+-----+------+-------------+
4 rows in set

mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order group by uid order by totalamount desc;
+-----+------+-------------+
| uid | nums | totalamount |
+-----+------+-------------+
|  2 |  4 | 375.53   |
|  1 |  3 | 345.65   |
|  4 |  1 | 199.99   |
|  3 |  2 | 125.51   |
+-----+------+-------------+
4 rows in set

分組后的limit 限制

limit限制關(guān)鍵字一般放在語句的最末尾,比如基于我們上面的搜索,我們再limit 1,只取出消費額最高的那條,其他跳過。

mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order group by uid order by totalamount desc limit 1;
+-----+------+-------------+
| uid | nums | totalamount |
+-----+------+-------------+
|  2 |  4 | 375.53   |
+-----+------+-------------+
1 row in set

關(guān)鍵字的執(zhí)行順序

我們看到上面那我們用了 where、group by、having、order by、limit這些關(guān)鍵字,如果一起使用,他們是有先后順序,順序錯了會導(dǎo)致異常,語法格式如下:

 select cname from tname
 where [原表查詢條件]
 group by [分組表達式]
 having [分組過濾條件]
 order by [排序條件]
 limit [offset,] count;
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order where time > '2019-08-01' group by uid having totalamount>100 order by totalamount desc limit 1;
+-----+------+-------------+
| uid | nums | totalamount |
+-----+------+-------------+
|  2 |  3 | 273.21   |
+-----+------+-------------+
1 row in set

總結(jié)

1、分組語法中,select后面出現(xiàn)的字段 要么是group by后面的字段,要么是聚合函數(shù)的列,其他類型會報異常:可以自己試試。

2、分組關(guān)鍵字的執(zhí)行順序:where、group by、having、order by、limit,順序不能調(diào)換,否則會報異常:可以自己試試。

以上就是深入淺析MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫中的聚合函數(shù)與分組查詢,小編相信有部分知識點可能是我們?nèi)粘9ぷ鲿姷交蛴玫降?。希望你能通過這篇文章學(xué)到更多知識。更多詳情敬請關(guān)注億速云行業(yè)資訊頻道。

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