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InnoDB的鎖機(jī)制:
數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)使用所是為了支持更好的并發(fā),提供數(shù)據(jù)的完整性和一致性。InnoDB是一個(gè)支持鎖的存儲(chǔ)引擎,鎖的類(lèi)型有:共享鎖(S)、排它鎖(X)、意向共享鎖(IS)、意向排它鎖(IX)。為了支持更好的并發(fā),InnoDB提供了非鎖定讀:不需要等待訪問(wèn)行上的鎖釋放,讀取行的一個(gè)快照。該方法是通過(guò)InnoDB的一個(gè)特寫(xiě):MVCC實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
InnoDB的鎖分類(lèi):
Record Lock:行鎖:?jiǎn)蝹€(gè)行記錄上的行鎖
Gap Lock:間隙鎖,鎖定一個(gè)范圍,但不包括記錄本身
Next-Key Lock:Gap+Record Lock,鎖定一個(gè)范圍,并且鎖定記錄本身
無(wú)索引+RC/RR
當(dāng)對(duì)無(wú)索引的字段進(jìn)行更新時(shí)(RR級(jí)別),通過(guò)鎖主鍵的方式,來(lái)鎖住所有記錄,RC級(jí)別不會(huì)鎖所有記錄。
構(gòu)建表及初始化數(shù)據(jù):
mysql?-uroot?-p USE?test; DROP?TABLE?IF?EXISTS?t_none; CREATE?TABLE?`t_none`?( ??`id`?int(11)?NOT?NULL, ??`mem_id`?int(11)?DEFAULT?NULL, ??PRIMARY?KEY?(`id`) )?ENGINE=InnoDB; INSERT?INTO?t_none?VALUES(1,1),(3,3),(5,5),(9,9),(11,11);
REPEATABLE-READ(RR)默認(rèn)級(jí)別 | |
Session?A | Session?B |
root@localhost[zjkj]:10:53:18>prompt A>> PROMPT set to 'A>>' A>>select @@session.tx_isolation; | root@localhost[(none)]:11:02:58>prompt B>> PROMPT set to 'B>>' B>>select @@session.tx_isolation; |
A>>begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) | B>>begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
A>>select * from t_none; +----+--------+ | id | mem_id | +----+--------+ | ?1 | ?????1 | | ?3 | ?????3 | | ?5 | ?????5 | | ?9 | ?????9 | | 11 | ????11 | +----+--------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) | B>>select * from t_none; +----+--------+ | id | mem_id | +----+--------+ | ?1 | ?????1 | | ?3 | ?????3 | | ?5 | ?????5 | | ?9 | ?????9 | | 11 | ????11 | +----+--------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
A>>?select * from t_none where mem_id=3 for update; +----+--------+ | id | mem_id | +----+--------+ | ?3 | ?????3 | +----+--------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) | |
B>>insert into t_none values(2,2); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction B>>delete from t_none where id=9; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction | |
show engin inondb status部分輸出: ------------ TRANSACTIONS ------------ Trx id counter 10661 Purge done for trx's n:o < 10659 undo n:o < 0 state: running but idle History list length 351 Total number of lock structs in row lock hash table 2 LIST OF TRANSACTIONS FOR EACH SESSION: ---TRANSACTION 10588, not started MySQL thread id 4, OS thread handle 0x7f6f5085c700, query id 339 localhost root init show engine innodb status ---TRANSACTION 10660, ACTIVE 17 sec inserting mysql tables in use 1, locked 1 LOCK WAIT 2 lock struct(s), heap size 376, 1 row lock(s) MySQL thread id 11, OS thread handle 0x7f6f508de700, query id 338 localhost root update insert into t_none values(2,2) ------- TRX HAS BEEN WAITING 17 SEC FOR THIS LOCK TO BE GRANTED: RECORD LOCKS space id 68 page no 3 n bits 72 index `PRIMARY` of table `test`.`t_none` trx id 10660 lock_mode X locks gap?before rec insert intention waiting | |
結(jié)論:通過(guò)上面很容易的看到,沒(méi)有通過(guò)索引for?update時(shí),當(dāng)進(jìn)行增刪改都會(huì)鎖住,MySQL內(nèi)部會(huì)通過(guò)基于鎖默認(rèn)主鍵方式,對(duì)所有記錄加X鎖。 下面是RC級(jí)別的實(shí)驗(yàn) | |
Read?Committed級(jí)別(RC) | |
Session?A | Session?B |
A>>set @@session.tx_isolation="read-committed"; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) | B>>set @@session.tx_isolation="read-committed"; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
A>>select @@session.tx_isolation; +------------------------+ | @@session.tx_isolation | +------------------------+ | READ-COMMITTED ????????| +------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) | B>>select @@session.tx_isolation; +------------------------+ | @@session.tx_isolation | +------------------------+ | READ-COMMITTED ????????| +------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) |
A>>begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) | B>>begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
A>>select * from t_none where mem_id=3 for update; +----+--------+ | id | mem_id | +----+--------+ | ?3 | ?????3 | +----+--------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) | |
B>>insert into t_none values(2,2); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) | |
B>>select * from t_none; +----+--------+ | id | mem_id | +----+--------+ | ?1 | ?????1 | | ?2 | ?????2 | | ?3 | ?????3 | | ?5 | ?????5 | | ?9 | ?????9 | | 11 | ????11 | +----+--------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec | |
A>>rollback; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) | B>>rollback; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
結(jié)論:在RC級(jí)別下,事務(wù)B是可以進(jìn)行增刪改(除被鎖定的記錄本身) |
非唯一索引+RR/RC
? 在RR級(jí)別下,InnoDB對(duì)于非唯一索引會(huì)加Gap Lock(也即鎖定一個(gè)區(qū)間),而在RC級(jí)別下無(wú)。
構(gòu)造初始化表及數(shù)據(jù):
mysql?-uroot?-p USE?test; DROP?TABLE?IF?EXISTS?t_idx; CREATE?TABLE?`t_idx`?( ??`id`?int(11)?NOT?NULL, ??`mem_id`?int(11)?DEFAULT?NULL, ??PRIMARY?KEY?(`id`), ???KEY?`idx_mem_id`?(`mem_id`) )?ENGINE=InnoDB; INSERT?INTO?t_idx?VALUES(1,1),(3,3),(5,5),(9,9),(11,11);
REPEATABLE-READ(RR)默認(rèn)級(jí)別(RR模式) | |
Session?A | Session?B |
root@localhost[(none)]:06:01:59>use test; root@localhost[zjkj]:10:53:18>prompt A>> PROMPT set to 'A>>' | root@localhost[(none)]:06:01:59>use test; root@localhost[(none)]:11:02:58>prompt B>> PROMPT set to 'B>>' |
A>>select @@session.tx_isolation; +------------------------+ | @@session.tx_isolation | +------------------------+ | REPEATABLE-READ ???????| +------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) | B>>select @@session.tx_isolation; +------------------------+ | @@session.tx_isolation | +------------------------+ | REPEATABLE-READ ???????| +------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.02 sec) |
A>>begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) | B>>begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
A>>select * from t_idx; +----+--------+ | id | mem_id | +----+--------+ | ?1 | ?????1 | | ?3 | ?????3 | | ?5 | ?????5 | | ?9 | ?????9 | | 11 | ????11 | +----+--------+ 5 rows in set (0.04 sec) | B>>select * from t_idx; +----+--------+ | id | mem_id | +----+--------+ | ?1 | ?????1 | | ?3 | ?????3 | | ?5 | ?????5 | | ?9 | ?????9 | | 11 | ????11 | +----+--------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
A>>select * from t_idx where mem_id=3 for update; +----+--------+ | id | mem_id | +----+--------+ | ?3 | ?????3 | +----+--------+ 1 row in set (0.05 sec) | |
B>>insert into t_idx values(2,2); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction #問(wèn)題?這里為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)阻塞呢? B>>insert into t_idx values(4,4); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction #問(wèn)題?這里為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)阻塞呢? B>>insert into t_idx values(3,3); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction B>>insert into t_idx values(5,5); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '5' for key 'PRIMARY' B>>insert into t_idx values(1,1); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY' #######下面插入全部可以###### B>>insert into t_idx values(6,6); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) B>>insert into t_idx values(7,7); B>>insert into t_idx values(8,8); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) B>>insert into t_idx values(12,12); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) | |
B>>select * from t_idx; +----+--------+ | id | mem_id | +----+--------+ | ?1 | ?????1 | | ?3 | ?????3 | | ?5 | ?????5 | | ?6 | ?????6 | | ?7 | ?????7 | | ?8 | ?????8 | | ?9 | ?????9 | | 11 | ????11 | | 12 | ????12 | +----+--------+ 9 rows in set (0.00 sec) | |
show engine?inondb status部分輸出: ------------ TRANSACTIONS ------------ Trx id counter 11044 Purge done for trx's n:o < 11041 undo n:o < 0 state: running but idle History list length 372 Total number of lock structs in row lock hash table 5 LIST OF TRANSACTIONS FOR EACH SESSION: ---TRANSACTION 0, not started MySQL thread id 3, OS thread handle 0x7fd0430df700, query id 47 localhost root init show engine innodb status ---TRANSACTION 11039, ACTIVE 228 sec inserting mysql tables in use 1, locked 1 LOCK WAIT 3 lock struct(s), heap size 1248, 3 row lock(s), undo log entries 4 MySQL thread id 1, OS thread handle 0x7fd064099700, query id 45 localhost root update insert into t_idx values(4,4) Trx read view will not see trx with id >= 11040, sees < 11038 ------- TRX HAS BEEN WAITING 22 SEC FOR THIS LOCK TO BE GRANTED: RECORD LOCKS space id 70 page no 4 n bits 80 index `idx_mem_id` of table `test`.`t_idx` trx id 11039 lock_mode X locks gap?before rec insert intention waitin | |
結(jié)論:通過(guò)上面可以看到,通過(guò)非唯一索引字段進(jìn)行更新時(shí),在進(jìn)行增刪改時(shí),有的記錄會(huì)出現(xiàn)阻塞,為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)阻塞呢?其實(shí)就是用到了MySQL的間隙鎖。那MySQL這里為什么要用間隙鎖呢?目的主要是防止幻讀。?那為什么有的記錄可以插入有的不可以,因?yàn)?/span>InnoDB對(duì)于行的查詢時(shí)采用了Next-Key Lock的算法,鎖定的是一個(gè)范圍(GAP)如下:(∞,1],(1,3],(3,5],(5,9],(9,11],(11,?∞)。InnoDB對(duì)輔助索引下一個(gè)鍵值也要加上Gap Lock,例如上面進(jìn)行插入2、4、1、3、5時(shí),就可以看出,其實(shí)鎖住的區(qū)間是(1,5)。 | |
Read?Committed級(jí)別(RC) | |
Session?A | Session?B |
A>>rollback; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) | B>>rollback; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
A>>set @@session.tx_isolation="read-committed"; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) | B>>set @@session.tx_isolation="read-committed"; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
A>>select @@session.tx_isolation; +------------------------+ | @@session.tx_isolation | +------------------------+ | READ-COMMITTED ????????| +------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) | B>>select @@session.tx_isolation; +------------------------+ | @@session.tx_isolation | +------------------------+ | READ-COMMITTED ????????| +------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) |
A>>begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) | B>>begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
A>>select * from t_idx where mem_id=3 for update; +----+--------+ | id | mem_id | +----+--------+ | ?1 | ?????3 | | ?3 | ?????3 | +----+--------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) | |
B>>insert into t_idx values(1,1); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY' B>>insert into t_idx values(2,2); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) B>>insert into t_idx values(3,3); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction B>>insert into t_idx values(4,4); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) | |
結(jié)論:在RC級(jí)別下,事務(wù)B是可以進(jìn)行增刪改(除被鎖定的記錄本身),沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)間隙鎖的現(xiàn)象。 |
唯一索引+RR/RC
構(gòu)造初始化表及數(shù)據(jù):
mysql?-uroot?–p use?test; DROP?TABLE?IF?EXISTS?t_pk; CREATE?TABLE?`t_pk`?( ??`id`?int(11)?NOT?NULL?AUTO_INCREMENT, ??`mem_id`?int(11)?NOT?NULL?, ??PRIMARY?KEY?(`id`), ??UNIQUE??`uq_mem_id`?(`mem_id`) )?ENGINE=InnoDB; INSERT?INTO?t_pk?VALUES(1,1),(3,3),(5,5),(9,9),(11,11);
REPEATABLE READ(RR級(jí)別) | |
root@localhost[(none)]:10:04:34>use test; root@localhost[test]:10:04:41>prompt A>> PROMPT set to 'A>>' | root@localhost[(none)]:10:04:37>use test; root@localhost[test]:10:04:52>prompt B>> PROMPT set to 'B>>' |
A>>select @@session.tx_isolation; +------------------------+ | @@session.tx_isolation | +------------------------+ | REPEATABLE-READ ???????| +------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) | B>>select @@session.tx_isolation; +------------------------+ | @@session.tx_isolation | +------------------------+ | REPEATABLE-READ ???????| +------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) |
A>>begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) | B>>begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
A>>select * from t_pk; +----+--------+ | id | mem_id | +----+--------+ | ?1 | ?????1 | | ?3 | ?????3 | | ?5 | ?????5 | | ?9 | ?????9 | | 11 | ????11 | +----+--------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) | B>>select * from t_pk; +----+--------+ | id | mem_id | +----+--------+ | ?1 | ?????1 | | ?3 | ?????3 | | ?5 | ?????5 | | ?9 | ?????9 | | 11 | ????11 | +----+--------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
A>>select * from t_pk where mem_id=3 for update; +----+--------+ | id | mem_id | +----+--------+ | ?3 | ?????3 | +----+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) | |
B>>insert into t_pk values(2,2); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) B>>insert into t_pk values(4,4); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) B>>insert into t_pk values(3,3); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction B>>insert into t_pk values(5,5); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '5' for key 'PRIMARY' B>>insert into t_pk values(7,7); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) | |
結(jié)論:從這里可以看到,對(duì)于基于唯一索引的更新,MySQL只是鎖定了記錄本身。 同理,我們可以推導(dǎo)出主鍵也是一樣的。實(shí)驗(yàn)的話我就略了,其實(shí)就是將上面的mem_id改成id即可。 | |
基于主鍵的Record Lock,還是RR級(jí)別 | |
A>>rollback; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) | B>>rollback; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
A>>begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec | B>>begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
A>>select * from t_pk where id=3 for update; +----+--------+ | id | mem_id | +----+--------+ | ?3 | ?????3 | +----+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) | |
B>>insert into t_pk values(2,2); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) B>>insert into t_pk values(4,4); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) | |
結(jié)論:說(shuō)明上面的推導(dǎo)正確。 | |
Read-Committed級(jí)別(RC) | |
A>>rollback; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) | B>>rollback; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
A>>set @@session.tx_isolation="read-committed"; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) | B>>set @@session.tx_isolation="read-committed"; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
A>>select @@session.tx_isolation; +------------------------+ | @@session.tx_isolation | +------------------------+ | READ-COMMITTED ????????| +------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) | B>>select @@session.tx_isolation; +------------------------+ | @@session.tx_isolation | +------------------------+ | READ-COMMITTED ????????| +------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) |
A>>begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) | B>>begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
A>>select * from t_pk; +----+--------+ | id | mem_id | +----+--------+ | ?1 | ?????1 | | ?3 | ?????3 | | ?5 | ?????5 | | ?9 | ?????9 | | 11 | ????11 | +----+--------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) | B>>select * from t_pk; +----+--------+ | id | mem_id | +----+--------+ | ?1 | ?????1 | | ?3 | ?????3 | | ?5 | ?????5 | | ?9 | ?????9 | | 11 | ????11 | +----+--------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
A>>select * from t_pk where mem_id=3 for update; +----+--------+ | id | mem_id | +----+--------+ | ?3 | ?????3 | +----+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) | |
B>>insert into t_pk values(2,2); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) B>>insert into t_pk values(4,4),(6,6),(10,10); Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 3 ?Duplicates: 0 ?Warnings: 0 | |
結(jié)論:說(shuō)明RC級(jí)別下,沒(méi)有間隙鎖存在。 |
主鍵+RR/RC
這跟唯一索引+RR/RC是一樣的,請(qǐng)參看上面的唯一索引+RR/RC。
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