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Spring Boot實戰(zhàn)之?dāng)?shù)據(jù)庫操作的示例代碼

發(fā)布時間:2020-09-15 09:00:06 來源:腳本之家 閱讀:174 作者:liuxiaopeng 欄目:編程語言

上篇文章中已經(jīng)通過一個簡單的HelloWorld程序講解了Spring boot的基本原理和使用。本文主要講解如何通過spring boot來訪問數(shù)據(jù)庫,本文會演示三種方式來訪問數(shù)據(jù)庫,第一種是JdbcTemplate,第二種是JPA,第三種是Mybatis。之前已經(jīng)提到過,本系列會以一個博客系統(tǒng)作為講解的基礎(chǔ),所以本文會講解文章的存儲和訪問(但不包括文章的詳情),因為最終的實現(xiàn)是通過MyBatis來完成的,所以,對于JdbcTemplate和JPA只做簡單演示,MyBatis部分會完整實現(xiàn)對文章的增刪改查。

一、準(zhǔn)備工作

在演示這幾種方式之前,需要先準(zhǔn)備一些東西。第一個就是數(shù)據(jù)庫,本系統(tǒng)是采用MySQL實現(xiàn)的,我們需要先創(chuàng)建一個tb_article的表:

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `tb_article`;

CREATE TABLE `tb_article` (
 `id` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
 `title` varchar(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
 `summary` varchar(1024) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
 `status` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
 `type` int(11) NOT NULL,
 `user_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
 `create_time` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
 `update_time` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
 `public_time` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
 PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

后續(xù)的演示會對這個表進(jìn)行增刪改查,大家應(yīng)該會看到這個表里面并沒有文章的詳情,原因是文章的詳情比較長,如果放在這個表里面容易影響查詢文章列表的效率,所以文章的詳情會單獨存在另外的表里面。此外我們需要配置數(shù)據(jù)庫連接池,這里我們使用druid連接池,另外配置文件使用yaml配置,即application.yml(你也可以使用application.properties配置文件,沒什么太大的區(qū)別,如果對ymal不熟悉,有興趣也可以查一下,比較簡單)。連接池的配置如下:

spring:
 datasource:
  url: jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/blog?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=UTF-8&useSSL=false
  driverClassName: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
  username: root
  password: 123456
  type: com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSource

最后,我們還需要建立與數(shù)據(jù)庫對應(yīng)的POJO類,代碼如下:

public class Article {
  private Long id;
  private String title;
  private String summary;
  private Date createTime;
  private Date publicTime;
  private Date updateTime;
  private Long userId;
  private Integer status;
  private Integer type;

}

好了,需要準(zhǔn)備的工作就這些,現(xiàn)在開始實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫的操作。

二、與JdbcTemplate集成

首先,我們先通過JdbcTemplate來訪問數(shù)據(jù)庫,這里只演示數(shù)據(jù)的插入,上一篇文章中我們已經(jīng)提到過,Spring boot提供了許多的starter來支撐不同的功能,要支持JdbcTemplate我們只需要引入下面的starter就可以了:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-jdbc</artifactId>
</dependency>

現(xiàn)在我們就可以通過JdbcTemplate來實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)的插入了:

public interface ArticleDao {
  Long insertArticle(Article article);
}

@Repository
public class ArticleDaoJdbcTemplateImpl implements ArticleDao {

  @Autowired
  private NamedParameterJdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;

  @Override
  public Long insertArticle(Article article) {
    String sql = "insert into tb_article(title,summary,user_id,create_time,public_time,update_time,status) " +
        "values(:title,:summary,:userId,:createTime,:publicTime,:updateTime,:status)";
    Map<String, Object> param = new HashMap<>();
    param.put("title", article.getTitle());
    param.put("summary", article.getSummary());
    param.put("userId", article.getUserId());
    param.put("status", article.getStatus());
    param.put("createTime", article.getCreateTime());
    param.put("publicTime", article.getPublicTime());
    param.put("updateTime", article.getUpdateTime());
    return (long) jdbcTemplate.update(sql, param);
  }
}

我們通過JUnit來測試上面的代碼:

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest(classes = Application.class)
public class ArticleDaoTest {

  @Autowired
  private ArticleDao articleDao;

  @Test
  public void testInsert() {
    Article article = new Article();
    article.setTitle("測試標(biāo)題");
    article.setSummary("測試摘要");
    article.setUserId(1L);
    article.setStatus(1);
    article.setCreateTime(new Date());
    article.setUpdateTime(new Date());
    article.setPublicTime(new Date());
    articleDao.insertArticle(article);
  }
}

要支持上面的測試程序,也需要引入一個starter:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
    <scope>test</scope>
 </dependency>

從上面的代碼可以看出,其實除了引入jdbc的start之外,基本沒有配置,這都是spring boot的自動幫我們完成了配置的過程。上面的代碼需要注意的Application類的位置,該類必須位于Dao類的父級的包中,比如這里Dao都位于com.pandy.blog.dao這個包下,現(xiàn)在我們把Application.java這個類從com.pandy.blog這個包移動到com.pandy.blog.app這個包中,則會出現(xiàn)如下錯誤:

Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type 'com.pandy.blog.dao.ArticleDao' available: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)}
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.raiseNoMatchingBeanFound(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1493)
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1104)
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1066)
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:585)
 ... 28 more

也就是說,找不到ArticleDao的實現(xiàn),這是什么原因呢?上一篇博文中我們已經(jīng)看到@SpringBootApplication這個注解繼承了@ComponentScan,其默認(rèn)情況下只會掃描Application類所在的包及子包。因此,對于上面的錯誤,除了保持Application類在Dao的父包這種方式外,也可以指定掃描的包來解決:

@SpringBootApplication
@ComponentScan({"com.pandy.blog"})
public class Application {
  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
  }
}

三、與JPA集成

現(xiàn)在我們開始講解如何通過JPA的方式來實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫的操作。還是跟JdbcTemplate類似,首先,我們需要引入對應(yīng)的starter:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
</dependency>

然后我們需要對POJO類增加Entity的注解,并指定表名(如果不指定,默認(rèn)的表名為article),然后需要指定ID的及其生成策略,這些都是JPA的知識,與Spring boot無關(guān),如果不熟悉的話可以看下JPA的知識點:

@Entity(name = "tb_article")
public class Article {
  @Id
  @GeneratedValue
  private Long id;
  private String title;
  private String summary;
  private Date createTime;
  private Date publicTime;
  private Date updateTime;
  private Long userId;
  private Integer status;
}

最后,我們需要繼承JpaRepository這個類,這里我們實現(xiàn)了兩個查詢方法,第一個是符合JPA命名規(guī)范的查詢,JPA會自動幫我們完成查詢語句的生成,另一種方式是我們自己實現(xiàn)JPQL(JPA支持的一種類SQL的查詢)。

public interface ArticleRepository extends JpaRepository<Article, Long> {
  public List<Article> findByUserId(Long userId);
  @Query("select art from com.pandy.blog.po.Article art where title=:title")
  public List<Article> queryByTitle(@Param("title") String title);
}

好了,我們可以再測試一下上面的代碼:

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest(classes = Application.class)
public class ArticleRepositoryTest {
  @Autowired
  private ArticleRepository articleRepository;

  @Test
  public void testQuery(){
    List<Article> articleList = articleRepository.queryByTitle("測試標(biāo)題");
    assertTrue(articleList.size()>0);
  }
}

注意,這里還是存在跟JdbcTemplate類似的問題,需要將Application這個啟動類未于Respository和Entity類的父級包中,否則會出現(xiàn)如下錯誤:

Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type 'com.pandy.blog.dao.ArticleRepository' available: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)}
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.raiseNoMatchingBeanFound(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1493)
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1104)
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1066)
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:585)
 ... 28 more

當(dāng)然,同樣也可以通過注解@EnableJpaRepositories指定掃描的JPA的包,但是還是不行,還會出現(xiàn)如下錯誤:

Caused by: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Not a managed type: class com.pandy.blog.po.Article
 at org.hibernate.jpa.internal.metamodel.MetamodelImpl.managedType(MetamodelImpl.java:210)
 at org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.support.JpaMetamodelEntityInformation.<init>(JpaMetamodelEntityInformation.java:70)
 at org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.support.JpaEntityInformationSupport.getEntityInformation(JpaEntityInformationSupport.java:68)
 at org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.support.JpaRepositoryFactory.getEntityInformation(JpaRepositoryFactory.java:153)
 at org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.support.JpaRepositoryFactory.getTargetRepository(JpaRepositoryFactory.java:100)
 at org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.support.JpaRepositoryFactory.getTargetRepository(JpaRepositoryFactory.java:82)
 at org.springframework.data.repository.core.support.RepositoryFactorySupport.getRepository(RepositoryFactorySupport.java:199)
 at org.springframework.data.repository.core.support.RepositoryFactoryBeanSupport.initAndReturn(RepositoryFactoryBeanSupport.java:277)
 at org.springframework.data.repository.core.support.RepositoryFactoryBeanSupport.afterPropertiesSet(RepositoryFactoryBeanSupport.java:263)
 at org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.support.JpaRepositoryFactoryBean.afterPropertiesSet(JpaRepositoryFactoryBean.java:101)
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.invokeInitMethods(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1687)
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.initializeBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1624)
 ... 39 more

這個錯誤說明識別不了Entity,所以還需要通過注解@EntityScan來指定Entity的包,最終的配置如下:

@SpringBootApplication
@ComponentScan({"com.pandy.blog"})
@EnableJpaRepositories(basePackages="com.pandy.blog")
@EntityScan("com.pandy.blog")
public class Application {
  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
  }
}

四、與MyBatis集成

最后,我們再看看如何通過MyBatis來實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫的訪問。同樣我們還是要引入starter:

<dependency>
   <groupId>org.mybatis.spring.boot</groupId>
   <artifactId>mybatis-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
   <version>1.1.1</version>
</dependency>

由于該starter不是spring boot官方提供的,所以版本號于Spring boot不一致,需要手動指定。

MyBatis一般可以通過XML或者注解的方式來指定操作數(shù)據(jù)庫的SQL,個人比較偏向于XML,所以,本文中也只演示了通過XML的方式來訪問數(shù)據(jù)庫。首先,我們需要配置mapper的目錄。我們在application.yml中進(jìn)行配置:

mybatis:
 config-locations: mybatis/mybatis-config.xml
 mapper-locations: mybatis/mapper/*.xml
 type-aliases-package: com.pandy.blog.po

這里配置主要包括三個部分,一個是mybatis自身的一些配置,例如基本類型的別名。第二個是指定mapper文件的位置,第三個POJO類的別名。這個配置也可以通過 Java configuration來實現(xiàn),由于篇幅的問題,我這里就不詳述了,有興趣的朋友可以自己實現(xiàn)一下。

配置完后,我們先編寫mapper對應(yīng)的接口:

public interface ArticleMapper {

  public Long insertArticle(Article article);

  public void updateArticle(Article article);

  public Article queryById(Long id);

  public List<Article> queryArticlesByPage(@Param("article") Article article, @Param("pageSize") int pageSize,
                       @Param("offset") int offset);

}

該接口暫時只定義了四個方法,即添加、更新,以及根據(jù)ID查詢和分頁查詢。這是一個接口,并且和JPA類似,可以不用實現(xiàn)類。接下來我們編寫XML文件:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE mapper PUBLIC "-//mybatis.org//DTD Mapper 3.0//EN" "http://mybatis.org/dtd/mybatis-3-mapper.dtd" >
<mapper namespace="com.pandy.blog.dao.ArticleMapper">

  <resultMap id="articleMap" type="com.pandy.blog.po.Article">
    <id column="id" property="id" jdbcType="INTEGER"/>
    <result column="title" property="title" jdbcType="VARCHAR"/>
    <result column="summary" property="summary" jdbcType="VARCHAR"/>
    <result column="user_id" property="userId" jdbcType="INTEGER"/>
    <result column="status" property="status" jdbcType="INTEGER"/>
    <result column="create_time" property="createTime" jdbcType="TIMESTAMP"/>
    <result column="update_time" property="updateTime" jdbcType="TIMESTAMP"/>
    <result column="public_time" property="publicTime" jdbcType="TIMESTAMP"/>
  </resultMap>

  <sql id="base_column">
   title,summary,user_id,status,create_time,update_time,public_time
  </sql>

  <insert id="insertArticle" parameterType="Article">
    INSERT INTO
    tb_article(<include refid="base_column"/>)
    VALUE
    (#{title},#{summary},#{userId},#{status},#{createTime},#{updateTime},#{publicTime})
  </insert>

  <update id="updateArticle" parameterType="Article">
    UPDATE tb_article
    <set>
      <if test="title != null">
        title = #{title},
      </if>
      <if test="summary != null">
        summary = #{summary},
      </if>
      <if test="status!=null">
        status = #{status},
      </if>
      <if test="publicTime !=null ">
        public_time = #{publicTime},
      </if>
      <if test="updateTime !=null ">
        update_time = #{updateTime},
      </if>
    </set>
    WHERE id = #{id}
  </update>

  <select id="queryById" parameterType="Long" resultMap="articleMap">
    SELECT id,<include refid="base_column"></include> FROM tb_article
    WHERE id = #{id}
  </select>

  <select id="queryArticlesByPage" resultMap="articleMap">
    SELECT id,<include refid="base_column"></include> FROM tb_article
    <where>
      <if test="article.title != null">
        title like CONCAT('%',${article.title},'%')
      </if>
      <if test="article.userId != null">
        user_id = #{article.userId}
      </if>
    </where>
    limit #{offset},#{pageSize}

  </select>
</mapper>

最后,我們需要手動指定mapper掃描的包:

@SpringBootApplication
@MapperScan("com.pandy.blog.dao")
public class Application {
  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
  }
}

好了,與MyBatis的集成也完成了,我們再測試一下:

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest(classes = Application.class)
public class ArticleMapperTest {

  @Autowired
  private ArticleMapper mapper;

  @Test
  public void testInsert() {
    Article article = new Article();
    article.setTitle("測試標(biāo)題2");
    article.setSummary("測試摘要2");
    article.setUserId(1L);
    article.setStatus(1);
    article.setCreateTime(new Date());
    article.setUpdateTime(new Date());
    article.setPublicTime(new Date());
    mapper.insertArticle(article);
  }

  @Test
  public void testMybatisQuery() {
    Article article = mapper.queryById(1L);
    assertNotNull(article);
  }

  @Test
  public void testUpdate() {
    Article article = mapper.queryById(1L);
    article.setPublicTime(new Date());
    article.setUpdateTime(new Date());
    article.setStatus(2);
    mapper.updateArticle(article);
  }

  @Test
  public void testQueryByPage(){
    Article article = new Article();
    article.setUserId(1L);
    List<Article> list = mapper.queryArticlesByPage(article,10,0);
    assertTrue(list.size()>0);
  }
}

五、總結(jié)

本文演示Spring boot與JdbcTemplate、JPA以及MyBatis的集成,整體上來說配置都比較簡單,以前做過相關(guān)配置的同學(xué)應(yīng)該感覺比較明顯,Spring boot確實在這方面給我們提供了很大的幫助。后續(xù)的文章中我們只會使用MyBatis這一種方式來進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)庫的操作,這里還有一點需要說明一下的是,MyBatis的分頁查詢在這里是手寫的,這個分頁在正式開發(fā)中可以通過插件來完成,不過這個與Spring boot沒什么關(guān)系,所以本文暫時通過這種手動的方式來進(jìn)行分頁的處理。

以上就是本文的全部內(nèi)容,希望對大家的學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助,也希望大家多多支持億速云。

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