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Python爬蟲 12306搶票開源代碼過(guò)程詳解

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2020-08-19 14:18:16 來(lái)源:腳本之家 閱讀:231 作者:Python學(xué)習(xí)匯 欄目:編程語(yǔ)言

今天就和大家一起來(lái)討論一下python實(shí)現(xiàn)12306余票查詢(pycharm+python3.7),一起來(lái)感受一下python爬蟲的簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)踐
我們說(shuō)先在瀏覽器中打開開發(fā)者工具(F12),嘗試一次余票的查詢,通過(guò)開發(fā)者工具查看發(fā)出請(qǐng)求的包

Python爬蟲 12306搶票開源代碼過(guò)程詳解

可以看到紅框框中的URL就是我們向12306服務(wù)器發(fā)出的請(qǐng)求,那么具體是什么呢?我們來(lái)看看

https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?leftTicketDTO.train_date=2019-01-21&leftTicketDTO.from_station=CDW&leftTicketDTO.to_station=SZQ&purpose_codes=ADULT

可以看到發(fā)出請(qǐng)求的幾個(gè)字段:

  • leftTicketDTO.train_date:查詢的日期
  • leftTicketDTO.from_station:查詢的出發(fā)地
  • leftTicketDTO.to_station:查詢的目的地
  • purpose_codes:不太清楚這個(gè)字段是用來(lái)做什么的,就默認(rèn)吧

可以從我們遞交的URL請(qǐng)求看出,我們輸入的成都,深圳都變成了對(duì)應(yīng)的編號(hào),比如,成都(CDW)、深圳(SZQ),所以當(dāng)我們程序進(jìn)行輸入的時(shí)候要進(jìn)行一下處理,12306的一個(gè)地方存儲(chǔ)著這些城市名與編碼對(duì)應(yīng)的文檔:

https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971

Python爬蟲 12306搶票開源代碼過(guò)程詳解

下面我們就編寫一個(gè)小程序,將這些城市名與編號(hào)提取出來(lái):

import re,requests
url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971"
response = requests.get(url,verify=False)
#將車站的名字和編碼進(jìn)行提取
chezhan = re.findall(r'([\u4e00-\u9fa5]+)\|([A-Z]+)', response.text)
chezhan_code = dict(chezhan)
#進(jìn)行交換
chezhan_names = dict(zip(chezhan_code.values(),chezhan_code.keys()))
#打印出得到的車站字典
print(chezhan_names)

得到的打印結(jié)果如下(只截取部分顯示):

{'VAP': '北京北', 'BOP': '北京東', 'BJP': '北京', 'VNP': '北京南', 'BXP': '北京西', 'IZQ': '廣州南', 'CUW': '重慶北', 'CQW': '重慶', 'CRW': '重慶南', 'CXW': '重慶西', 'GGQ': '廣州東', 'SHH': '上海', 'SNH': '上海南', 'AOH': '上海虹橋', 'SXH': '上海西', 'TBP': '天津北', 'TJP': '天津', 'TIP': '天津南', 'TXP': '天津西', 'XJA': '香港西九龍', 'CCT': '長(zhǎng)春', 'CET': '長(zhǎng)春南', 'CRT': '長(zhǎng)春西', 'ICW': '成都東', 'CNW': '成都南', 'CDW': '成都', 'CSQ': '長(zhǎng)沙', 'CWQ': '長(zhǎng)沙南',}

接下來(lái)我們就動(dòng)手開始程序的主要代碼編寫:

def main():
  date     = input("請(qǐng)輸入時(shí)間(如2019-01-22):\n")
  from_station = chezhan_code[input("請(qǐng)輸入起始站點(diǎn):\n")]
  to_station  = chezhan_code[input("請(qǐng)輸入目的站點(diǎn):\n")]
  url     = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?"
  headers = {
    "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.26 Safari/537.36 Core/1.63.5702.400 QQBrowser/10.2.1893.400"
  }
  url=url+"leftTicketDTO.train_date="+date+"&leftTicketDTO.from_station="+from_station+"&leftTicketDTO.to_station="+to_station+"&purpose_codes=ADULT"
  #print(url) 已經(jīng)檢查過(guò)生成的URL是正確的
  #request請(qǐng)求獲取主頁(yè)
  r = requests.get(url,headers=headers)
  r.raise_for_status()  #如果發(fā)送了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的請(qǐng)求,會(huì)拋出異常
  r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
  showTicket(r.text)

用戶輸入時(shí)間、起始站點(diǎn)、目的站點(diǎn),然后通過(guò)get來(lái)請(qǐng)求,然后我們對(duì)返回的網(wǎng)頁(yè)信息進(jìn)行解析。我們現(xiàn)將上面代碼的r.text進(jìn)行打印,看看我們請(qǐng)求之后,返回了什么樣的信息,然后決定我們應(yīng)該如何解析

Python爬蟲 12306搶票開源代碼過(guò)程詳解

這樣看著不方便,我們粘貼到記事本中,進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的分析:

Python爬蟲 12306搶票開源代碼過(guò)程詳解

可以與12306顯示的信息進(jìn)行對(duì)比,K829是車次,CDW與BJQ是出發(fā)地和目的地,10:10是出發(fā)時(shí)間,06:13是到達(dá)時(shí)間,44:21是歷時(shí)時(shí)間,20190123為查詢的日期,剩下的就是一系列票的各種信息。

下面就是對(duì)這些返回的信息進(jìn)行解析,其實(shí)這也是python爬蟲的關(guān)鍵,就是解析?。?!

我們先把信息轉(zhuǎn)化為json格式,可以看到都是用“|”隔開的,那么我們就用split函數(shù)分割出來(lái),下面是主要功能代碼:

def showTicket(html):
  html = json.loads(html)
  table = PrettyTable([" 車次 ","出發(fā)車站","到達(dá)車站","出發(fā)時(shí)間","到達(dá)時(shí)間"," 歷時(shí) ","商務(wù)座"," 一等座","二等座","高級(jí)軟臥","軟臥","動(dòng)臥","硬臥","軟座","硬座","無(wú)座","其他","備注"])
  for i in html['data']['result']:
    name = [
          "station_train_code",
          "from_station_name",
          "to_station_name",
          "start_time",
          "arrive_time",
          "lishi",
          "swz_num",
          "zy_num",
          "ze_num",
          "dw_num",
          "gr_num",
          "rw_num",
          "yw_num",
          "rz_num",
          "yz_num",
          "wz_num",
          "qt_num",
          "note_num"
        ]

    data = {
          "station_train_code": '',
          "from_station_name": '',
          "to_station_name": '',
          "start_time": '',
          "arrive_time": '',
          "lishi": '',
          "swz_num": '',
          "zy_num": '',
          "ze_num": '',
          "dw_num": '',
          "gr_num": '',
          "rw_num": '',
          "yw_num": '',
          "rz_num": '',
          "yz_num": '',
          "wz_num": '',
          "qt_num": '',
          "note_num": ''
        }
    #將各項(xiàng)信息提取并賦值
    item = i.split('|')                 #使用“|”進(jìn)行分割
    data["station_train_code"] = item[3]        #獲取車次信息,在3號(hào)位置
    data["from_station_name"]  = item[6]        #始發(fā)站信息在6號(hào)位置
    data["to_station_name"]   = item[7]        #終點(diǎn)站信息在7號(hào)位置
    data["start_time"]     = item[8]        #出發(fā)時(shí)間在8號(hào)位置
    data["arrive_time"]     = item[9]        #抵達(dá)時(shí)間在9號(hào)位置
    data["lishi"]        = item[10]       #經(jīng)歷時(shí)間在10號(hào)位置
    data["swz_num"]       = item[32] or item[25] #特別注意,商務(wù)座在32或25位置
    data["zy_num"]       = item[31]       #一等座信息在31號(hào)位置
    data["ze_num"]       = item[30]       #二等座信息在30號(hào)位置
    data["gr_num"]       = item[21]       #高級(jí)軟臥信息在21號(hào)位置
    data["rw_num"]       = item[23]       #軟臥信息在23號(hào)位置
    data["dw_num"]       = item[27]       #動(dòng)臥信息在27號(hào)位置
    data["yw_num"]       = item[28]       #硬臥信息在28號(hào)位置
    data["rz_num"]       = item[24]       #軟座信息在24號(hào)位置
    data["yz_num"]       = item[29]       #硬座信息在29號(hào)位置
    data["wz_num"]       = item[26]       #無(wú)座信息在26號(hào)位置
    data["qt_num"]       = item[22]       #其他信息在22號(hào)位置
    data["note_num"]      = item[1]        #備注信息在1號(hào)位置

    color = Colored()
    data["note_num"] = color.white(item[1])
    #如果沒(méi)有信息,那么就用“-”代替
    for pos in name:
      if data[pos] == "":
        data[pos] = "-"

    tickets = []
    cont = []
    cont.append(data)
    for x in cont:
      tmp = []
      for y in name:
        if y == "from_station_name":
          s = color.green(chezhan_names[data["from_station_name"]])
          tmp.append(s)
        elif y == "to_station_name":
          s = color.red(chezhan_names[data["to_station_name"]])
          tmp.append(s)
        elif y == "start_time":
          s = color.green(data["start_time"])
          tmp.append(s)
        elif y == "arrive_time":
          s = color.red(data["arrive_time"])
          tmp.append(s)
        elif y == "station_train_code":
          s = color.yellow(data["station_train_code"])
          tmp.append(s)
        else:
          tmp.append(data[y])
      tickets.append(tmp)
    for ticket in tickets:
      table.add_row(ticket)
  print(table)

那么我們程序就成功啦!?。?/p>

Python爬蟲 12306搶票開源代碼過(guò)程詳解

但是在編譯器里面Prettytable的格子沒(méi)有對(duì)齊,不要擔(dān)心,我們到終端運(yùn)行一下腳本,就可以看到很好看的輸出啦:

Python爬蟲 12306搶票開源代碼過(guò)程詳解

Python爬蟲 12306搶票開源代碼過(guò)程詳解

完成?。?!下面是完整代碼

main.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import re,requests,datetime,time,json
from prettytable import PrettyTable
from colorama import init,Fore
from stationinfo import chezhan_code,chezhan_names
init(autoreset=False)
class Colored(object):
  def yeah(self,s):
    return Fore.LIGHTCYAN_EX + s + Fore.RESET
  def green(self,s):
    return Fore.LIGHTGREEN_EX + s + Fore.RESET
  def yellow(self,s):
    return Fore.LIGHTYELLOW_EX + s + Fore.RESET
  def white(self,s):
    return Fore.LIGHTWHITE_EX + s + Fore.RESET
  def blue(self,s):
    return Fore.LIGHTBLUE_EX + s + Fore.RESET

def showTicket(html):
  html = json.loads(html)
  table = PrettyTable([" 車次 ","出發(fā)車站","到達(dá)車站","出發(fā)時(shí)間","到達(dá)時(shí)間"," 歷時(shí) ","商務(wù)座"," 一等座","二等座","高級(jí)軟臥","軟臥","動(dòng)臥","硬臥","軟座","硬座","無(wú)座","其他","備注"])
  for i in html['data']['result']:
    name = [
          "station_train_code",
          "from_station_name",
          "to_station_name",
          "start_time",
          "arrive_time",
          "lishi",
          "swz_num",
          "zy_num",
          "ze_num",
          "dw_num",
          "gr_num",
          "rw_num",
          "yw_num",
          "rz_num",
          "yz_num",
          "wz_num",
          "qt_num",
          "note_num"
        ]

    data = {
          "station_train_code": '',
          "from_station_name": '',
          "to_station_name": '',
          "start_time": '',
          "arrive_time": '',
          "lishi": '',
          "swz_num": '',
          "zy_num": '',
          "ze_num": '',
          "dw_num": '',
          "gr_num": '',
          "rw_num": '',
          "yw_num": '',
          "rz_num": '',
          "yz_num": '',
          "wz_num": '',
          "qt_num": '',
          "note_num": ''
        }
    #將各項(xiàng)信息提取并賦值
    item = i.split('|')                 #使用“|”進(jìn)行分割
    data["station_train_code"] = item[3]        #獲取車次信息,在3號(hào)位置
    data["from_station_name"]  = item[6]        #始發(fā)站信息在6號(hào)位置
    data["to_station_name"]   = item[7]        #終點(diǎn)站信息在7號(hào)位置
    data["start_time"]     = item[8]        #出發(fā)時(shí)間在8號(hào)位置
    data["arrive_time"]     = item[9]        #抵達(dá)時(shí)間在9號(hào)位置
    data["lishi"]        = item[10]       #經(jīng)歷時(shí)間在10號(hào)位置
    data["swz_num"]       = item[32] or item[25] #特別注意,商務(wù)座在32或25位置
    data["zy_num"]       = item[31]       #一等座信息在31號(hào)位置
    data["ze_num"]       = item[30]       #二等座信息在30號(hào)位置
    data["gr_num"]       = item[21]       #高級(jí)軟臥信息在21號(hào)位置
    data["rw_num"]       = item[23]       #軟臥信息在23號(hào)位置
    data["dw_num"]       = item[27]       #動(dòng)臥信息在27號(hào)位置
    data["yw_num"]       = item[28]       #硬臥信息在28號(hào)位置
    data["rz_num"]       = item[24]       #軟座信息在24號(hào)位置
    data["yz_num"]       = item[29]       #硬座信息在29號(hào)位置
    data["wz_num"]       = item[26]       #無(wú)座信息在26號(hào)位置
    data["qt_num"]       = item[22]       #其他信息在22號(hào)位置
    data["note_num"]      = item[1]        #備注信息在1號(hào)位置

    color = Colored()
    data["note_num"] = color.white(item[1])
    #如果沒(méi)有信息,那么就用“-”代替
    for pos in name:
      if data[pos] == "":
        data[pos] = "-"
    tickets = []
    cont = []
    cont.append(data)
    for x in cont:
      tmp = []
      for y in name:
        if y == "from_station_name":
          s = color.green(chezhan_names[data["from_station_name"]])
          tmp.append(s)
        elif y == "to_station_name":
          s = color.yeah(chezhan_names[data["to_station_name"]])
          tmp.append(s)
        elif y == "start_time":
          s = color.green(data["start_time"])
          tmp.append(s)
        elif y == "arrive_time":
          s = color.yeah(data["arrive_time"])
          tmp.append(s)
        elif y == "station_train_code":
          s = color.yellow(data["station_train_code"])
          tmp.append(s)
        else:
          tmp.append(data[y])
      tickets.append(tmp)
    for ticket in tickets:
      table.add_row(ticket)
  print(table)

def main():
  date     = input("請(qǐng)輸入時(shí)間:\n")
  from_station = chezhan_code[input("請(qǐng)輸入起始站點(diǎn):\n")]
  to_station  = chezhan_code[input("請(qǐng)輸入目的站點(diǎn):\n")]
  url     = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?"
  headers = {
    "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.26 Safari/537.36 Core/1.63.5702.400 QQBrowser/10.2.1893.400"
  }
url=url+"leftTicketDTO.train_date="+date+"&leftTicketDTO.from_station="+from_station+"&leftTicketDTO.to_station="+to_station+"&purpose_codes=ADULT"
  #print(url) 已經(jīng)檢查過(guò)生成的URL是正確的
  #request請(qǐng)求獲取主頁(yè)
  r = requests.get(url,headers=headers)
  r.raise_for_status()  #如果發(fā)送了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的請(qǐng)求,會(huì)拋出異常
  r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
  showTicket(r.text)
  #print(r.text)
main()

stationinfo.py

import re,requests
url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971"
response = requests.get(url,verify=False)
#將車站的名字和編碼進(jìn)行提取
chezhan = re.findall(r'([\u4e00-\u9fa5]+)\|([A-Z]+)', response.text)
chezhan_code = dict(chezhan)

chezhan_names = dict(zip(chezhan_code.values(),chezhan_code.keys()))
#print(chezhan_names)

以上就是本文的全部?jī)?nèi)容,希望對(duì)大家的學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助,也希望大家多多支持億速云。

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