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這篇文章主要為大家展示了“C++11中std::packaged_task怎么用”,內(nèi)容簡而易懂,條理清晰,希望能夠幫助大家解決疑惑,下面讓小編帶領(lǐng)大家一起研究并學(xué)習(xí)一下“C++11中std::packaged_task怎么用”這篇文章吧。
C++11中的std::packaged_task是個(gè)模板類。std::packaged_task包裝任何可調(diào)用目標(biāo)(函數(shù)、lambda表達(dá)式、bind表達(dá)式、函數(shù)對(duì)象)以便它可以被異步調(diào)用。它的返回值或拋出的異常被存儲(chǔ)于能通過std::future對(duì)象訪問的共享狀態(tài)中。
std::packaged_task類似于std::function,但是會(huì)自動(dòng)將其結(jié)果傳遞給std::future對(duì)象。
std::packaged_task對(duì)象內(nèi)部包含兩個(gè)元素:(1).存儲(chǔ)的任務(wù)(stored task)是一些可調(diào)用的對(duì)象(例如函數(shù)指針、成員或函數(shù)對(duì)象的指針)( A stored task, which is some callable object (such as a function pointer, pointer to member or function object))。(2).共享狀態(tài),它可以存儲(chǔ)調(diào)用存儲(chǔ)的任務(wù)(stored task)的結(jié)果,并可以通過std::future進(jìn)行異步訪問(A shared state, which is able to store the results of calling the stored task and be accessed asynchronously through a future)。
通過調(diào)用std::packaged_task的get_future成員將共享狀態(tài)與std::future對(duì)象關(guān)聯(lián)。調(diào)用之后,兩個(gè)對(duì)象共享相同的共享狀態(tài):(1).std::packaged_task對(duì)象是異步提供程序(asynchronous provider),應(yīng)通過調(diào)用存儲(chǔ)的任務(wù)(stored task)在某個(gè)時(shí)刻將共享狀態(tài)設(shè)置為就緒。(2).std::future對(duì)象是一個(gè)異步返回對(duì)象,可以檢索共享狀態(tài)的值,并在必要時(shí)等待其準(zhǔn)備就緒。
共享狀態(tài)的生存期至少要持續(xù)到與之關(guān)聯(lián)的最后一個(gè)對(duì)象釋放或銷毀為止。
std::packaged_task不會(huì)自己啟動(dòng),你必須調(diào)用它(A packaged_task won't start on it's own, you have to invoke it)。
std::future介紹參考:https://www.jb51.net/article/179229.htm
模板類std::packaged_task成員函數(shù)包括:
1. 構(gòu)造函數(shù):(1).默認(rèn)構(gòu)造函數(shù):無共享狀態(tài)無存儲(chǔ)任務(wù)(no shared state and no stored task)情況下初始化對(duì)象。(2). initialization constructor:該對(duì)象具有共享狀態(tài),且其存儲(chǔ)的任務(wù)由fn初始化。(3). initialization constructor with allocator。(4).禁用拷貝構(gòu)造。(5).支持移動(dòng)構(gòu)造。
2. 析構(gòu)函數(shù):(1).放棄(abandon)共享狀態(tài)并銷毀packaged_task對(duì)象。(2). 如果有其它future對(duì)象關(guān)聯(lián)到同一共享狀態(tài),則共享狀態(tài)本身不會(huì)被銷毀。(3). 如果packaged_task對(duì)象在共享狀態(tài)準(zhǔn)備就緒前被銷毀,則共享狀態(tài)自動(dòng)準(zhǔn)備就緒并包含一個(gè)std::future_error類型的異常。
3. get_future函數(shù):(1).返回一個(gè)與packaged_task對(duì)象的共享狀態(tài)關(guān)聯(lián)的std::future對(duì)象。(2).一旦存儲(chǔ)的任務(wù)被調(diào)用,返回的std::future對(duì)象就可以訪問packaged_task對(duì)象在共享狀態(tài)上設(shè)置的值或異常。(3).每個(gè)packaged_task共享狀態(tài)只能被一個(gè)std::future對(duì)象檢索(Only one future object can be retrieved for each packaged_task shared state)。(4).調(diào)用此函數(shù)后,packaged_task應(yīng)在某個(gè)時(shí)候使其共享狀態(tài)準(zhǔn)備就緒(通過調(diào)用其存儲(chǔ)的任務(wù)),否則將在銷毀后自動(dòng)準(zhǔn)備就緒并包含一個(gè)std::future_error類型的異常。
4. make_ready_at_thread_exit函數(shù):在線程退出時(shí)才使共享狀態(tài)ready而不是在調(diào)用完成后就立即ready。
5. operator=:(1).禁用拷貝賦值。(2).支持移動(dòng)賦值。
6. operator():(1).call stored task。(2).如果對(duì)存儲(chǔ)任務(wù)的調(diào)用成功完成或拋出異常,則返回的值或捕獲的異常存儲(chǔ)在共享狀態(tài),共享狀態(tài)準(zhǔn)備就緒(解除阻塞當(dāng)前等待它的所有線程)。
7. reset函數(shù):(1).在保持相同存儲(chǔ)的任務(wù)的同時(shí),以新的共享狀態(tài)重置對(duì)象。(2).允許再次調(diào)用存儲(chǔ)的任務(wù)。(3).與對(duì)象關(guān)聯(lián)的之前的共享狀態(tài)被放棄(就像packaged_task被銷毀了一樣)。(4).在內(nèi)部,該函數(shù)的行為就像是移動(dòng)賦值了一個(gè)新構(gòu)造的packaged_task一樣(Internally, the function behaves as if move-assigned a newly constructed packaged_task (with its stored task as argument))。
8. swap函數(shù)/非成員模板函數(shù)swap:交換共享狀態(tài)和存儲(chǔ)的任務(wù)(stored task)。
9. valid函數(shù):檢查packaged_task對(duì)象是否具有共享狀態(tài)。
詳細(xì)用法見下面的測試代碼,下面是從其他文章中copy的測試代碼,部分作了調(diào)整,詳細(xì)內(nèi)容介紹可以參考對(duì)應(yīng)的reference:
#include "future.hpp" #include <iostream> #include <future> #include <chrono> #include <utility> #include <thread> #include <functional> #include <memory> #include <exception> #include <numeric> #include <vector> #include <cmath> #include <string> namespace future_ { /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/future/packaged_task/ int test_packaged_task_1() { { // constructor/get_future/operator=/valid std::packaged_task<int(int)> foo; // default-constructed std::packaged_task<int(int)> bar([](int x) { return x * 2; }); // initialized foo = std::move(bar); // move-assignment std::cout << "valid: " << foo.valid() << "\n"; std::future<int> ret = foo.get_future(); // get future std::thread(std::move(foo), 10).detach(); // spawn thread and call task int value = ret.get(); // wait for the task to finish and get result std::cout << "The double of 10 is " << value << ".\n"; } { // reset/operator() std::packaged_task<int(int)> tsk([](int x) { return x * 3; }); // package task std::future<int> fut = tsk.get_future(); tsk(33); std::cout << "The triple of 33 is " << fut.get() << ".\n"; // re-use same task object: tsk.reset(); fut = tsk.get_future(); std::thread(std::move(tsk), 99).detach(); std::cout << "Thre triple of 99 is " << fut.get() << ".\n"; } { // constructor/get_future auto countdown = [](int from, int to) { for (int i = from; i != to; --i) { std::cout << i << '\n'; std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1)); } std::cout << "Lift off!\n"; return from - to; }; std::packaged_task<int(int, int)> tsk(countdown); // set up packaged_task std::future<int> ret = tsk.get_future(); // get future std::thread th(std::move(tsk), 5, 0); // spawn thread to count down from 5 to 0 int value = ret.get(); // wait for the task to finish and get result std::cout << "The countdown lasted for " << value << " seconds.\n"; th.join(); } return 0; } /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // reference: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/packaged_task int test_packaged_task_2() { { // lambda std::packaged_task<int(int, int)> task([](int a, int b) { return std::pow(a, b);}); std::future<int> result = task.get_future(); task(2, 9); std::cout << "task_lambda:\t" << result.get() << '\n'; } { // bind std::packaged_task<int()> task(std::bind([](int x, int y) { return std::pow(x, y); }, 2, 11)); std::future<int> result = task.get_future(); task(); std::cout << "task_bind:\t" << result.get() << '\n'; } { // thread std::packaged_task<int(int, int)> task([](int x, int y) { return std::pow(x, y); }); std::future<int> result = task.get_future(); std::thread task_td(std::move(task), 2, 10); task_td.join(); std::cout << "task_thread:\t" << result.get() << '\n'; } return 0; } /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // reference: https://thispointer.com/c11-multithreading-part-10-packaged_task-example-and-tutorial/ struct DBDataFetcher { std::string operator()(std::string token) { // Do some stuff to fetch the data std::string data = "Data From " + token; return data; } }; int test_packaged_task_3() { // Create a packaged_task<> that encapsulated a Function Object std::packaged_task<std::string(std::string)> task(std::move(DBDataFetcher())); // Fetch the associated future<> from packaged_task<> std::future<std::string> result = task.get_future(); // Pass the packaged_task to thread to run asynchronously std::thread th(std::move(task), "Arg"); // Join the thread. Its blocking and returns when thread is finished. th.join(); // Fetch the result of packaged_task<> i.e. value returned by getDataFromDB() std::string data = result.get(); std::cout << data << std::endl; return 0; } /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // reference: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18143661/what-is-the-difference-between-packaged-task-and-async int test_packaged_task_4() { // sleeps for one second and returns 1 auto sleep = []() { std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1)); return 1; }; { // std::packaged_task // >>>>> A packaged_task won't start on it's own, you have to invoke it std::packaged_task<int()> task(sleep); auto f = task.get_future(); task(); // invoke the function // You have to wait until task returns. Since task calls sleep // you will have to wait at least 1 second. std::cout << "You can see this after 1 second\n"; // However, f.get() will be available, since task has already finished. std::cout << f.get() << std::endl; } { // std::async // >>>>> On the other hand, std::async with launch::async will try to run the task in a different thread : auto f = std::async(std::launch::async, sleep); std::cout << "You can see this immediately!\n"; // However, the value of the future will be available after sleep has finished // so f.get() can block up to 1 second. std::cout << f.get() << "This will be shown after a second!\n"; } return 0; } } // namespace future_
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