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這篇文章主要介紹Vue.js之a(chǎn)xios與網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳輸?shù)氖纠治?,文中介紹的非常詳細(xì),具有一定的參考價(jià)值,感興趣的小伙伴們一定要看完!
為何放棄vue-resource?
Ajax 本身跟 Vue 并沒有什么需要特別整合的地方,使用 fetch polyfill 或是 axios、superagent 等等都可以起到同等的效果,vue-resource 提供的價(jià)值和其維護(hù)成本相比并不劃算,所以決定在不久以后取消對 vue-resource 的官方推薦。已有的用戶可以繼續(xù)使用,但以后不再把 vue-resource 作為官方的 ajax 方案。
axios安裝
npm:
$ npm install axios
bower:
$ bower install axios
Using cdn:
<script src="https://unpkg.com/axios/dist/axios.min.js"></script>
基本使用方法
GET請求
// Make a request for a user with a given ID axios.get('/user?ID=12345') .then(function (response) { console.log(response); }) .catch(function (error) { console.log(error); }); // Optionally the request above could also be done as axios.get('/user', { params: { ID: 12345 } }) .then(function (response) { console.log(response); }) .catch(function (error) { console.log(error); });
POST請求
axios.post('/user', { firstName: 'Fred', lastName: 'Flintstone' }) .then(function (response) { console.log(response); }) .catch(function (error) { console.log(error); });
同時(shí)執(zhí)行多個(gè)請求
function getUserAccount() { return axios.get('/user/12345'); } function getUserPermissions() { return axios.get('/user/12345/permissions'); } axios.all([getUserAccount(), getUserPermissions()]) .then(axios.spread(function (acct, perms) { // Both requests are now complete }));
其實(shí)和其他的ajax庫一樣,基本用法都是差不多的。大家一看就知道怎么用。
axios API
可以直接通過config來完成請求
axios(config)
axios({ method: 'post', url: '/user/12345', data: { firstName: 'Fred', lastName: 'Flintstone' } });
axios(url, [config])
// Send a GET request (default method) axios('/user/12345');
請求方法別名
下面是axios支持的所有請求方法別名,便于各種請求。
注: [...]中的數(shù)據(jù)表示可以為空。url是ajax請求地址;data是提交的數(shù)據(jù)對象;config是配置對象,所有ajax配置都可以在config中實(shí)現(xiàn)。
axios.request(config)
axios.get(url[, config])
axios.delete(url[, config])
axios.head(url[, config])
axios.post(url[, data[, config]])
axios.put(url[, data[, config]])
axios.patch(url[, data[, config]])
并發(fā)性
下列接口用于處理并發(fā)請求(同時(shí)處理多個(gè)多個(gè)request)
axios.all(iterable)
axios.spread(callback)
axios實(shí)例
可以用自定義的config創(chuàng)建一個(gè)axios實(shí)例
axios.create([config])
var instance = axios.create({ baseURL: 'https://some-domain.com/api/', timeout: 1000, headers: {'X-Custom-Header': 'foobar'} });
實(shí)例方法
下面是實(shí)例的所有可用方法,方法中的config會(huì)與axios實(shí)例中的config合并。(實(shí)例可以將一些通用的config先配置好)
axios#request(config)
axios#get(url, [config])
axios#delete(url, [config])
axios#head(url, [config])
axios#post(url[, data[, config]])
axios#put(url[, data[, config]])
axios#patch(url[, data[, config]])
Config
重點(diǎn)來了,來看看Config。
下面列出了config的所有配置項(xiàng),其中之后url是必填的。當(dāng)method沒有指定方法,默認(rèn)為GET。
{ // `url` is the server URL that will be used for the request // 用來向服務(wù)器發(fā)送請求的url url: '/user', // `method` is the request method to be used when making the request // 請求方法 method: 'get', // default // `baseURL` will be prepended to `url` unless `url` is absolute. // It can be convenient to set `baseURL` for an instance of axios to pass relative URLs // to methods of that instance. // 假如`url`不是絕對路徑,那么向服務(wù)器發(fā)送請求的URL將是`baseURL + url` baseURL: 'https://some-domain.com/api/', // `transformRequest` allows changes to the request data before it is sent to the server // This is only applicable for request methods 'PUT', 'POST', and 'PATCH' // The last function in the array must return a string, an ArrayBuffer, or a Stream transformRequest: [function (data) { // Do whatever you want to transform the data return data; }], // `transformResponse` allows changes to the response data to be made before // it is passed to then/catch transformResponse: [function (data) { // Do whatever you want to transform the data return data; }], // `headers` are custom headers to be sent headers: {'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'}, // `params` are the URL parameters to be sent with the request // Must be a plain object or a URLSearchParams object params: { ID: 12345 }, // `paramsSerializer` is an optional function in charge of serializing `params` // (e.g. https://www.npmjs.com/package/qs, http://api.jquery.com/jquery.param/) paramsSerializer: function(params) { return Qs.stringify(params, {arrayFormat: 'brackets'}) }, // `data` is the data to be sent as the request body // Only applicable for request methods 'PUT', 'POST', and 'PATCH' // When no `transformRequest` is set, must be of one of the following types: // - string, plain object, ArrayBuffer, ArrayBufferView, URLSearchParams // - Browser only: FormData, File, Blob // - Node only: Stream data: { firstName: 'Fred' }, // `timeout` specifies the number of milliseconds before the request times out. // If the request takes longer than `timeout`, the request will be aborted. timeout: 1000, // `withCredentials` indicates whether or not cross-site Access-Control requests // should be made using credentials withCredentials: false, // default // `adapter` allows custom handling of requests which makes testing easier. // Return a promise and supply a valid response (see [response docs](#response-api)). adapter: function (config) { /* ... */ }, // `auth` indicates that HTTP Basic auth should be used, and supplies credentials. // This will set an `Authorization` header, overwriting any existing // `Authorization` custom headers you have set using `headers`. auth: { username: 'janedoe', password: 's00pers3cret' }, // `responseType` indicates the type of data that the server will respond with // options are 'arraybuffer', 'blob', 'document', 'json', 'text', 'stream' responseType: 'json', // default // `xsrfCookieName` is the name of the cookie to use as a value for xsrf token xsrfCookieName: 'XSRF-TOKEN', // default // `xsrfHeaderName` is the name of the http header that carries the xsrf token value xsrfHeaderName: 'X-XSRF-TOKEN', // default // `onUploadProgress` allows handling of progress events for uploads onUploadProgress: function (progressEvent) { // Do whatever you want with the native progress event }, // `onDownloadProgress` allows handling of progress events for downloads onDownloadProgress: function (progressEvent) { // Do whatever you want with the native progress event }, // `maxContentLength` defines the max size of the http response content allowed maxContentLength: 2000, // `validateStatus` defines whether to resolve or reject the promise for a given // HTTP response status code. If `validateStatus` returns `true` (or is set to `null` // or `undefined`), the promise will be resolved; otherwise, the promise will be // rejected. validateStatus: function (status) { return status >= 200 && status < 300; // default }, // `maxRedirects` defines the maximum number of redirects to follow in node.js. // If set to 0, no redirects will be followed. maxRedirects: 5, // default // `httpAgent` and `httpsAgent` define a custom agent to be used when performing http // and https requests, respectively, in node.js. This allows to configure options like // `keepAlive` that are not enabled by default. httpAgent: new http.Agent({ keepAlive: true }), httpsAgent: new https.Agent({ keepAlive: true }), // 'proxy' defines the hostname and port of the proxy server // `auth` indicates that HTTP Basic auth should be used to connect to the proxy, and supplies credentials. // This will set an `Proxy-Authorization` header, overwriting any existing `Proxy-Authorization` custom headers you have set using `headers`. proxy: { host: '127.0.0.1', port: 9000, auth: : { username: 'mikeymike', password: 'rapunz3l' } }, // `cancelToken` specifies a cancel token that can be used to cancel the request // (see Cancellation section below for details) cancelToken: new CancelToken(function (cancel) { }) }
分析Config
配置參數(shù)很多,我們一個(gè)一個(gè)來了解它們
url —— 用來向服務(wù)器發(fā)送請求的url
method —— 請求方法,默認(rèn)是GET方法
baseURL —— 基礎(chǔ)URL路徑,假如url不是絕對路徑,如https://some-domain.com/api/v1/login?name=jack,那么向服務(wù)器發(fā)送請求的URL將會(huì)是baseURL + url。
transformRequest —— transformRequest方法允許在請求發(fā)送到服務(wù)器之前修改該請求,此方法只適用于PUT、POST和PATCH方法中。而且,此方法最后必須返回一個(gè)string、ArrayBuffer或者Stream。
transformResponse —— transformResponse方法允許在數(shù)據(jù)傳遞到then/catch之前修改response數(shù)據(jù)。此方法最后也要返回?cái)?shù)據(jù)。
headers —— 發(fā)送自定義Headers頭文件,頭文件中包含了http請求的各種信息。
params —— params是發(fā)送請求的查詢參數(shù)對象,對象中的數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)被拼接成url?param1=value1¶m2=value2。
paramsSerializer —— params參數(shù)序列化器。
data —— data是在發(fā)送POST、PUT或者PATCH請求的數(shù)據(jù)對象。
timeout —— 請求超時(shí)設(shè)置,單位為毫秒
withCredentials —— 表明是否有跨域請求需要用到證書
adapter —— adapter允許用戶處理更易于測試的請求。返回一個(gè)Promise和一個(gè)有效的response
auth —— auth表明提供憑證用于完成http的身份驗(yàn)證。這將會(huì)在headers中設(shè)置一個(gè)Authorization授權(quán)信息。自定義Authorization授權(quán)要設(shè)置在headers中。
responseType —— 表示服務(wù)器將返回響應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)類型,有arraybuffer、blob、document、json、text、stream這6個(gè)類型,默認(rèn)是json類似數(shù)據(jù)。
xsrfCookieName —— 用作 xsrf token 值的 cookie 名稱
xsrfHeaderName —— 帶有 xsrf token 值 http head 名稱
onUploadProgress —— 允許在上傳過程中的做一些操作
onDownloadProgress —— 允許在下載過程中的做一些操作
maxContentLength —— 定義了接收到的response響應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)的最大長度。
validateStatus —— validateStatus定義了根據(jù)HTTP響應(yīng)狀態(tài)碼決定是否接收或拒絕獲取到的promise。如果 validateStatus 返回 true (或設(shè)置為 null 或 undefined ),promise將被接收;否則,promise將被拒絕。
maxRedirects —— maxRedirects定義了在node.js中redirect的最大值,如果設(shè)置為0,則沒有redirect。
httpAgent —— 定義在使用http請求時(shí)的代理
httpsAgent —— 定義在使用https請求時(shí)的代理
proxy —— proxy定義代理服務(wù)器的主機(jī)名和端口,auth
cancelToken —— cancelToken定義一個(gè) cancel token 用于取消請求
Response
當(dāng)我們ajax獲取數(shù)據(jù)成功后會(huì)返回一個(gè)response對象,它包含了以下內(nèi)容:
{ // `data` is the response that was provided by the server data: {}, // `status` is the HTTP status code from the server response status: 200, // `statusText` is the HTTP status message from the server response statusText: 'OK', // `headers` the headers that the server responded with headers: {}, // `config` is the config that was provided to `axios` for the request config: {} }
response是通過promise的then方法來獲取,具體使用方法如下:
axios.get('/user/12345') .then(function(response) { console.log(response.data); console.log(response.status); console.log(response.statusText); console.log(response.headers); console.log(response.config); });
相對的,我們有時(shí)也會(huì)出現(xiàn)ajax報(bào)錯(cuò),此時(shí)就會(huì)到我們的catch中去捕獲異常error對象。
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