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目錄
1. ObsoleteAttribute
2. 設(shè)置默認(rèn)值屬性: DefaultValueAttribute
3. DebuggerBrowsableAttribute
4. ??運(yùn)算符
5. Curry 及 Partial 方法
6. WeakReference
7. Lazy
8. BigInteger
9. 非官方關(guān)鍵字:__arglist __reftype __makeref __refvalue
10. Environment.NewLine
11. ExceptionDispatchInfo
12. Environment.FailFast
13. Debug.Assert, Debug.WriteIf 及 Debug.Indent
14. Parallel.For 及 Parallel.Foreach
15. IsInfinity方法
本文介紹了.Net 常被忽略,但卻非常有用戶的15個(gè)功能,包含ObsoleteAttribute,DefaultValueAttribute,DebuggerBrowsableAttribute,?運(yùn)算符,Curry 及 Partial 方法…
ObsoleteAttribute: 可適用于除程序集、模塊、參數(shù)或返回值以外的所有程序元素。將元素標(biāo)記為 Obsolete 可實(shí)現(xiàn)通知用戶的功能,表明該元素在產(chǎn)品之后的新版本中會(huì)被移除。
Message屬性包含一個(gè)字符串,可獲取變通方法消息,是對(duì)可選程序元素的說明。
IsError屬性:是Bool 類型,如果將值設(shè)為“True”,則編譯器會(huì)將使用已過時(shí)的程序元素視為錯(cuò)誤。
1: public static class ObsoleteExample
2: {
3: // Mark OrderDetailTotal As Obsolete.
4: [ObsoleteAttribute("This property (DepricatedOrderDetailTotal) is obsolete. Use InvoiceTotal instead.", false)]
5: public static decimal OrderDetailTotal
6: {
7: get
8: {
9: return 12m;
10: }
11: }
12:
13: public static decimal InvoiceTotal
14: {
15: get
16: {
17: return 25m;
18: }
19: }
20:
21: // Mark CalculateOrderDetailTotal As Obsolete.
22: [ObsoleteAttribute("This method is obsolete. Call CalculateInvoiceTotal instead.", true)]
23: public static decimal CalculateOrderDetailTotal()
24: {
25: return 0m;
26: }
27:
28: public static decimal CalculateInvoiceTotal()
29: {
30: return 1m;
31: }
32: }
如果運(yùn)行程序,編譯器就會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò)以及Warning。
1: Console.WriteLine(ObsoleteExample.OrderDetailTotal);
2: Console.WriteLine();
3: Console.WriteLine(ObsoleteExample.CalculateOrderDetailTotal());
DefaultValueAttribute 指定屬性的默認(rèn)值??梢允褂萌魏沃祫?chuàng)建 DefaultValueAttribute。成員的默認(rèn)值通常是其初始值。可視化設(shè)計(jì)器可以使用默認(rèn)值重置成員的值。代碼生成器也可使用默認(rèn)值確定是否為成員生成代碼,但是必須在成員函數(shù)中設(shè)置初始值。
1: public class DefaultValueAttributeTest
2: {
3: public DefaultValueAttributeTest()
4: {
5: // Use the DefaultValue propety of each property to actually set it, via reflection.
6: foreach (PropertyDescriptor prop in TypeDescriptor.GetProperties(this))
7: {
8: DefaultValueAttribute attr = (DefaultValueAttribute)prop.Attributes[typeof(DefaultValueAttribute)];
9: if (attr != null)
10: {
11: prop.SetValue(this, attr.Value);
12: }
13: }
14: }
15:
16: [DefaultValue(25)]
17: public int Age { get; set; }
18:
19: [DefaultValue("Anton")]
20: public string FirstName { get; set; }
21:
22: [DefaultValue("Angelov")]
23: public string LastName { get; set; }
24:
25: public override string ToString()
26: {
27: return string.Format("{0} {1} is {2}.", this.FirstName, this.LastName, this.Age);
28: }
29: }
表示成員是否在Debugger 變量窗口顯示以及如何顯示。
1: public static class DebuggerBrowsableTest
2: {
3: private static string squirrelFirstNameName;
4: private static string squirrelLastNameName;
5:
6: // The following DebuggerBrowsableAttribute prevents the property following it
7: // from appearing in the debug window for the class.
8: [DebuggerBrowsable(DebuggerBrowsableState.Never)]
9: public static string SquirrelFirstNameName
10: {
11: get
12: {
13: return squirrelFirstNameName;
14: }
15: set
16: {
17: squirrelFirstNameName = value;
18: }
19: }
20:
21: [DebuggerBrowsable(DebuggerBrowsableState.Collapsed)]
22: public static string SquirrelLastNameName
23: {
24: get
25: {
26: return squirrelLastNameName;
27: }
28: set
29: {
30: squirrelLastNameName = value;
31: }
32: }
33: }
逐步調(diào)試程序時(shí),就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)代碼會(huì)一直在執(zhí)行:
1: DebuggerBrowsableTest.SquirrelFirstNameName = "Hammy";
2: DebuggerBrowsableTest.SquirrelLastNameName = "Ammy";
?? 運(yùn)算符稱作 null 合并運(yùn)算符。如果此運(yùn)算符的左操作數(shù)不為 null,則此運(yùn)算符將返回左操作數(shù);否則返回右操作數(shù),如果在嘗試將可以為null 值的類型分配給不可以為null值的類型時(shí),沒有使用??運(yùn)算符,則會(huì)生成編譯時(shí)的錯(cuò)誤。如果使用強(qiáng)制轉(zhuǎn)換,且當(dāng)前未定義可以為 null 值的類型,則會(huì)引發(fā) InvalidOperationException 異常。
1: int? x = null;
2: int y = x ?? -1;
3: Console.WriteLine("y now equals -1 because x was null => {0}", y);
4: int i = DefaultValueOperatorTest.GetNullableInt() ?? default(int);
5: Console.WriteLine("i equals now 0 because GetNullableInt() returned null => {0}", i);
6: string s = DefaultValueOperatorTest.GetStringValue();
7: Console.WriteLine("Returns 'Unspecified' because s is null => {0}", s ?? "Unspecified");
Curry 方法是把接受多個(gè)參數(shù)的函數(shù)變換成接受一個(gè)單一參數(shù)(最初函數(shù)的第一個(gè)參數(shù))的函數(shù),并且返回接受余下的參數(shù)且返回結(jié)果的新函數(shù)的技術(shù)。
1: public static class CurryMethodExtensions
2: {
3: public static Func<A, Func<B, Func<C, R>>> Curry<A, B, C, R>(this Func<A, B, C, R> f)
4: {
5: return a => b => c => f(a, b, c);
6: }
7: }
如果無法確定成員函數(shù)的返回類型可使用Var執(zhí)行。
Partial—Partial類型允許我們將一個(gè)類、接口或結(jié)構(gòu)分成好幾個(gè)部分,分別實(shí)現(xiàn)在幾個(gè)不同的.cs文件中。關(guān)鍵字partial是一個(gè)上下文關(guān)鍵字,只有和class、struct、interface放在一起時(shí)才有關(guān)鍵字的含義。因此partial的引入不會(huì)影響現(xiàn)有代碼中名稱為partial的變量。
1: public static class CurryMethodExtensions
2: {
3: public static Func<C, R> Partial<A, B, C, R>(this Func<A, B, C, R> f, A a, B b)
4: {
5: return c => f(a, b, c);
6: }
7: }
Weak Reference 表示類型化弱引用,即在引用對(duì)象的同時(shí)仍然允許垃圾回收來回收該對(duì)象。如果你想使用該引用,可以設(shè)置為強(qiáng)引用類型,保證該對(duì)象不被回收。
1: WeakReferenceTest hugeObject = new WeakReferenceTest();
2: hugeObject.SharkFirstName = "Sharky";
3: WeakReference w = new WeakReference(hugeObject);
4: hugeObject = null;
5: GC.Collect();
6: Console.WriteLine((w.Target as WeakReferenceTest).SharkFirstName);
Lazy<T>提供對(duì)延遲一些大資源或資源緊張的對(duì)象的初始化的支持。在程序的生存期內(nèi),特別是在這種方式創(chuàng)建或執(zhí)行可能不發(fā)生使用延遲初始化延遲一種或大量占用資源的對(duì)象的創(chuàng)建、資源的任務(wù)的執(zhí)行。
1: public abstract class ThreadSafeLazyBaseSingleton<T>
2: where T : new()
3: {
4: private static readonly Lazy<T> lazy = new Lazy<T>(() => new T());
5:
6: public static T Instance
7: {
8: get
9: {
10: return lazy.Value;
11: }
12: }
13: }
1: string positiveString = "91389681247993671255432112000000";
2: string negativeString = "-90315837410896312071002088037140000";
3: BigInteger posBigInt = 0;
4: BigInteger negBigInt = 0;
5:
6: posBigInt = BigInteger.Parse(positiveString);
7: Console.WriteLine(posBigInt);
8: negBigInt = BigInteger.Parse(negativeString);
9: Console.WriteLine(negBigInt);
第9條獎(jiǎng)的關(guān)鍵字官方文檔并沒有記錄,可能正在測試中。然而這些關(guān)鍵字豐富了Visual Studio 編輯器的功能,也能被識(shí)別。
開發(fā)人員可以使用__makeref關(guān)鍵字創(chuàng)建變量。使用__refvalue修飾變量可以從 TypedReference中獲得變量值。__arglist關(guān)鍵字與params的作用相同,可以訪問參數(shù)列表。
1: int i = 21;
2: TypedReference tr = __makeref(i);
3: Type t = __reftype(tr);
4: Console.WriteLine(t.ToString());
5: int rv = __refvalue( tr,int);
6: Console.WriteLine(rv);
7: ArglistTest.DisplayNumbersOnConsole(__arglist(1, 2, 3, 5, 6));
為了使用__arglist, 需要定義ArglistTest 類
1: public static class ArglistTest
2: {
3: public static void DisplayNumbersOnConsole(__arglist)
4: {
5: ArgIterator ai = new ArgIterator(__arglist);
6: while (ai.GetRemainingCount() > 0)
7: {
8: TypedReference tr = ai.GetNextArg();
9: Console.WriteLine(TypedReference.ToObject(tr));
10: }
11: }
12: }
獲取為此環(huán)境定義的換行字符串。
1: Console.WriteLine("NewLine: {0} first line{0} second line{0} third line", Environment.NewLine);
表示捕獲特定點(diǎn)的異常情況??梢允褂肊xceptionDispatchInfo.Throw 方法,命名空間為System.Runtime.ExceptionServices。
1: ExceptionDispatchInfo possibleException = null;
2:
3: try
4: {
5: int.Parse("a");
6: }
7: catch (FormatException ex)
8: {
9: possibleException = ExceptionDispatchInfo.Capture(ex);
10: }
11:
12: if (possibleException != null)
13: {
14: possibleException.Throw();
15: }
如果想退出程序,且不需要調(diào)用任何Finally 塊或Finalizers,可以使用FailFast。
1: string s = Console.ReadLine();
2: try
3: {
4: int i = int.Parse(s);
5: if (i == 42) Environment.FailFast("Special number entered");
6: }
7: finally
8: {
9: Console.WriteLine("Program complete.");
10: }
Debug.Assert——檢查條件;如果條件為 false,則顯示一個(gè)消息框,其中會(huì)顯示調(diào)用堆棧。Debug.Assert盡在調(diào)試版中有效,在發(fā)布版中如果要執(zhí)行斷言,則使用Trace.Assert。
Debug.Assert(1 == 0, "The numbers are not equal! Oh my god!");
如果Assert在Debug模式下失敗,則會(huì)顯示下圖:
多線程的情況下較為常用。
Parallel.For—執(zhí)行循環(huán),迭代可以運(yùn)行。
1: int[] nums = Enumerable.Range(0, 1000000).ToArray();
2: long total = 0;
3:
4: // Use type parameter to make subtotal a long, not an int
5: Parallel.For<long>(0, nums.Length, () => 0, (j, loop, subtotal) =>
6: {
7: subtotal += nums[j];
8: return subtotal;
9: },
10: (x) => Interlocked.Add(ref total, x)
11: );
12:
13: Console.WriteLine("The total is {0:N0}", total);
Interlocked.Add 方法將兩個(gè)整型值相加,并將結(jié)果保存到第一個(gè)數(shù)值,可以作為原子操作。
Parallel.Foreach——執(zhí)行 foreach(在 Visual Basic 中為 For Each)操作,其中在 Partitioner 上可能會(huì)并行運(yùn)行迭代。
判斷數(shù)值的正負(fù)情況。
Console.WriteLine(, Double.IsInfinity(3.0 / 0) ? : ); 原文鏈接:http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/1021335/Top-Underutilized-Features-of-NET
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